American Empire Project Knowledge Base
Downfall of the American Empire? I have a project due Friday needing 4+ examples of the possible downfall of the American Empire. I will be researching by myself, but all answers on here shall be greatly appreciated.
Anti-Americanism? Wow. I went to a very anti-american EUropean messageboard and peacefully debated them. Only to find out my account banned and all of my posts deleted! This is the same forum that allows people to post comments such as, "I hope americans all die" and such, yet limits freedom of speech. Whats wrong with these dumb anti-americans??? The "American Empire Project" is their site, by the way, if you wanna give it a try yourself.
Is the Book 'Obama Nation: Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality' Mostly Fiction Or Non-Fiction? Yes Barack Obama wants to restore the top marginal tax bracket to the 39% it was under Clinton from the current 35%. (It was 70% in the 1960s) But, "Leftist Politics"? 'Obama has done everything he can to reassure the nation's ruling bipartisan political class that he is fully on board with the American Empire Project, but it doesn't matter: "conservatives" continue to score points with the "patriotism" and military cards, absurdly tarring him as a "far left" opponent of American interests and security. That preposterous allegation is the central theme in the far-right crackpot Jerome Corsi's current best-selling book "The Obama Nation" - a monument to neo-McCarthyist smear tactics in the post 9/11 era. Corsi was the co-author of the ridiculous but important and widely read 2004 volume "Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry." His latest bestselling hatchet-job is loaded with lurid innuendos and guilt-by-association narratives claiming to link the deeply conservative Obama to African radicalism, "black rage," drugs, Reverend Wright (of course), the Communist Party, the Weathermen, Islamic "anti-Americanism" and the plot to open up Israel and the United States to nuclear attack.' Consider since securing the Democratic nomination, Obama has abandoned his Liberal base and run to the Right by: * embracing the Supreme Court ruling that invalidated a Washington D.C ban on personal handguns and claimed that the Second Constitutional Amendment pertains to private citizens, not just organized state "militias." * declaring his belief in the state's right to kill certain criminals, including child rapists. * becoming the first major party presidential candidate to bypass the public presidential financing system and to reject accompanying spending limits (violating his earlier pledge to work through the public system and accept those limits). * supporting a refurbished spy bill that grants retroactive immunity to telephone corporations who collaborated with the White House in electronic surveillance of American citizens (violating Obama's earlier pledge to filibuster any surveillance legislation containing such immunity). * appointing the corporate-friendly Wal-Mart apologist and Hamilton Project [3] economist Jason Furman as his economic policy director - something that stood in curious relation to his criticism ("I won't shop there") of Wal-Mart's low-wage anti-union practices when speaking to labor audiences. * increasing his declared support of "free trade," contradicting his campaign-trail criticism of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). * "tweaking" his claim that he would meet with Iran's president (he added new and more restrictive conditions). * embracing (in a speech to the powerful pro-Israel lobby American Israel Public Affairs Committee - AIPAC) Bush-McCain rhetoric on the supposed Iranian nuclear threat and promising to do "anything" to protect the nuclear occupation and apartheid state of Israel from Iran (a nation previously attacked by Israel). * calling (in his AIPAC speech) for an "undivided" Israel-run Jerusalem despite the fact that no government on the planet (and not even the Bush administration) supports Israeli's right to annex that UN-designated international city. * making bolder Iraq "withdrawal" statements indicating that an Obama administration would not leave Iraq. * vocally supporting a major part of the Republican agenda: the granting of public money to private religious organizations to provide social services. * endorsing the conservative white male Blue Dog Democratic Congressman John Barrow (D-GA) over the progressive black female challenger Regina Thomas in a July 15 primary [4]. * flip-flopping on energy policy by calling for increased domestic and offshore oil drilling after it became clear that McCain was getting traction with voters by calling for such environmentally insensitive drilling. http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/18472 David... Corsi’s new book, The Obama Nation, has been quickly discredited from a number of different directions. The New York Times last week reported that several charges in the book were “unsubstantiated, misleading or inaccurate.” When confronted with specific errors or falsehoods, Corsi’s own responses reveal him to be a shameless propagandist, not a serious researcher. For example, Corsi wrote that Obama had “yet to answer” whether his youthful use of illegal drugs extended well into adulthood. Obama, however, has clearly said and written that it did not. When Corsi was asked about his error — and his completely unsupported speculation that Obama might have even used drugs in the Senate — the author simply said he didn’t believe Obama’s statements on the subject. So Corsi is essentially claiming the right to just make things up whenever he decides Obama can’t be trusted — and he obviously doesn’t trust the senator on much of anything. http://www.kansascity.com/340/story/751858.html Below are additional falsehoods from Obama Nation, listed in the order in which they appear in the book: http://mediamatters.org/items/200808040005
Do many Real-Small government Conservatives understand the difference between conservative & Neocnservative? The term neoconservative was originally used as a criticism against liberals who had "moved to the right" The first major neoconservative to embrace the term and considered its founder is Irving Kristol, father of William Kristol, who would become the founder of the neoconservative Project for the New American Century Neoconservatives are associated with foreign policy initiatives of think tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), the Project for the New American Century (PNAC), The Heritage Foundation, and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs (JINSA). Neoconservatives are opposed to policies of international relations There is also conflict between neoconservatives and small government conservatives. Small government conservatives are ideologically opposed to the expansiveness of federal government programs and regard neoconservative foreign policy ambitions with outspoken distrust. They view the neoconservative promotion of preemptive war as morally unjust, dangerous to the preservation of a free society, and against the principles of the Constitution. According Ron Paul, neoconservatives want permanent revolution, want to use force to redraw the map of the Middle East, believe in preemptive war and using armed forces to force Neoconservative ideals on others, believe that the ends justify the means, do not oppose the "welfare state" and a powerful federal government, endorse an "American empire" and progressive imperialism, and unconditionally support Israel Ben, my question = Can many social conservatives distingish the diff. between Conservative & Neoconservative?
If Western civilization came to an end, what weapon would you pick to protect yourself? If Western modern civilization came to an end. And the entire world fell into a state of anarchy, and the world became a Mad Max type of civilization or a Wild West type. And you could pick 1 weapon to protect yourself and your family, what would it be and why? I am doing a research project for my college history class and I appreciate your answers, thanks. The Roman Empire was similar to our American Empire, but when it fell. Civilization sank into the dark ages...
Did you know 0f 'The Project' as defined in Wikipedia re the planned takeover of the West by Jihad? What's also serious is the fact that our 'Homeland Security' is too busy prosecuting our border patrol agentss that there are 1200 terrorist groups in 150 cities in the US. They have weapons and one lady reported that in her neighborhood they had an American stand out front as guard while they were in the back woods doing something. Another caller said the FBI knows about them. Since 9/11 catastrophe what's up w/this deal? httP://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_project.. Bridgit Gabriel website 'Jihad Inc:A Guide to...' Steven Emerson 'Nemesis: the Fall of the American Empire' C Johnson
"Rebuilding America's Defense, according to (PNAC) Project for the New American Century? needed A “catalyzing event — like a new Pearl Harbor”—was seen as necessary to bring this about. Bush- The Pear Harbor of the 21th Century took Place today" Washington Post, January 27, 2002. Donald Rumsfeld stated that 9/11 created "the kind of opportunities that World War II offered, to refashion the world." Condoleeza Rice had said the same thing in mind "Secretary Rumsfeld Interview with the New York Times," New York Times, October 12, 2001. For Rice's statement, see Chalmers Johnson, "The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Henry Hold, 2004), 229. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, issued by the Bush administration in September 2002, said: "The events of September 11, 2001, opened vast, new opportunities." Who have read this PNAC document and could comment on this? Something could be right in front of your face and you can still miss it
Any ideas of a model I can make representing Puerto Rico? For my American History project, I was given Puerto Rico to do. And I have to make a model that represents the place. I could redo a location, natural or manmade, that is famous. Or I can recreate an even or something they do everyone year. I really don't know anything about the place so I cant think of anything. You know something I can do? For example if I was given New York, I could do the empire state building, or statue of liberty, etc. Thank you for all answers =]
Based on my ancesters nationalities: What historic civilizations might I be decended from? I can trace my American history back to 1636 but not nearly as far as I'm required to go for a school project. The assignment was to figure out what ancient civilizations or groups you decend from using common migration routes. I'm Irish, English, Danish, Scottish, Welsh, and French. What major groups is it possible for me to decend from? Could I have decended from the Roman Empire or early Christian comunities?
Why does America think it’s so great? it’s never even had an empire? Seriously, I mean the Italians have had one, the Persians, the Mongolians, the Germans, even the FRENCH have had one. And of course so have the British. Which included your country I hasten to add. Still you go on and on acting like you’re the best country in the world why? You keep bragging about things you didn’t even do, I apologise if you don’t agree with all these points but there the most common and most recent fallacies I’ve heard you country folk claim. Benjamin Franklin discovered Electricity – No it was the Germans he just discovered lightning consist of electricity. America is the most economically sound country – No currently the pound is stronger than the dollar and the euro is stronger than both. You never lost a war – well I could be pedantic and point out you lost the American civil war, but I wouldn’t call Vietnam or Korea a win. And yes you did win the war of independence against us and even though it’s a national holiday most Americans still don’t know the date. England on the other hand hasn’t been successfully invaded since 1066 and Scotland has never been invaded. And where the size of California. You saved us in ww2 – by sheer numbers we were winning before you came along, if any countries saved us it was the Germans for spending half their money looking for paranormal weapons and for annoying Russia. Or the Russians for helping us. Additionally what’s wrong with being German there a fine country doing well for themselves. Additionally as per most wars the friendly fire rate sky rocketed after you got involved. Stephen Hawking is American – no he’s English and was born in Oxford. And while I’m on the subject he has personal thanked the NHS for saving his life. There is nothing wrong with the NHS. Hugh Laurie (house) is American – No damn it ill admit Hollywood is Damn good but he is ours its just damn fine acting. You invented the electric telephone – Alexander Graham bell was Scottish You have the largest continent – No Europe is bigger You invented the computer – No it was Brittan You discovered America – No Columbus was English who got money from Spain and the Vikings found it before him You have the best trained army – If that is the case then why are they trained by British soldiers. Think it through You have the best education system in the world – then why do you have such a high illiteratecy rate. NFL is the toughest sport – have you watched rugby. No pads, shorter tackles, bigger players, more tackles per game and more skill to tackle. With players most of whom have a degree from university. Nascar is good – The cars can only turn one way and you have to have slopped corners to stop you having to slow you down try watching F1 much more skill. You have a long history – 200 years is not long, see my comment above about 1066. You claim to be land of the free – you cant drink below the age of 21, sex is 18 and your entire country is built on Christian foundations. Nothing bad about that but how is that free. You’re the leading manufacturer of technology – that would be Japan. You invented the atomic bomb – only one scientist on project Manhattan was American the rest were British and German. That your good arguers – check out my last question at least we can argue with out resorting to ad hominem. And my personal favourite you were the first country to land on planet moon – NO. NO NO NO, the moon is not a planet its the moon that’s why its called THE MOON. This is just a short list. So with all that in mind why do you keep claiming to be such a great country.
My Mum Is REALLY Annoying me? She constantly comes into my room to check whether I'm doing my home work and then reads through it. she constantly badgers me about TINY things Her suggestions NEVER have anything to do with the topic When I tell her to go away she starts screaming at me to do what she says. For EXAMPLE: Today I was doing my project on WW1. Part of it was about Empire Building and as I was searching for information (she was in my room as usual) I muttered under my breath - "not the AMERICAn empire bulding" - because it came up once in a while when i wrote in British Empire World War 1 Building and then mum came over and said, "why are you searching for that. You idiot, this is about the English Empire" and i told her that i already knew that, and that i was just having a little trouble finding relevant information then she starts suggesting all this crap about the roman empire and the Empire Games. so i told her to stop trying to help, because i could do it by myself. Anyway, I told her to stop helping me, and let me get on with my own work and she completely blows up calling me a useless retard e.tc e.t.c. and then my dad comes in to ask what mum was shouting about and then she lied about this and that so dad got really angry and practically pulled my ear off as we speak, mum is making up crap about: "We aren't going to get a note from the teachers if she hasn't done her homework. I bet she's lazy at school, she's so rude bla bla bla." mum doesn't seem to realise that I actually am smart. like, not bragging or anything but I always get 90's on my tests and A's and A+'s I was just allowed into the year 9 advanced maths course, i always get picked for extension programs and i'm on a SCHOLARSHIP to my school. even when she does take notice of this, she says its because of her pushing me - she doesn't push me she just pisses me off. she doesn't seem to praise me ever and is constantly on my back.. what should i do???
The European Union the superpower of the 21st century, the European Century? What do you think? An extract from an article by Mark Leonard, from the Irish Times Newspaper from 2005. For all the talk of the American Empire, the past two years have been more about the limits of American power. Its economic lead over Europe is disappearing (in 1950 its GDP per capita was twice that of Western Europe, while today it is almost the same size), while the political price for saying no to the superpower has never been lower (as Germany, France, Mexico, Turkey and Chile found over Iraq). In fact, the US leads the world in only two ways: it has the biggest army in the world, and the most popular "popular culture". But the combined might of the US military could do nothing to stop 9/11 or halt terrorism in Iraq, and the more America's presence around the world becomes militarised, the less attractive the American way of life becomes. Meanwhile, across the pond, Europeans - often by accident - have been developing a new kind of power that cannot be measured in terms of military budgets or smart-missile technology. It works in the long term, and is about reshaping the world rather than winning short-term tussles. And when we stop looking at the world through American eyes, we can see that each element of European "weakness" is in fact a facet of its extraordinary transformative power. In just 50 years, Europeans have made war between European powers unthinkable; European economies have closed the gap with the US; and Europe has brought successive waves of countries out of dictatorship and into democracy. If you look at a map of the world, you can see a zone of peace spreading like a blue oil slick - from the west coast of Ireland to the eastern Mediterranean; from the Arctic Circle to the Straits of Gibraltar - sucking in new members in its wake. Around the 450 million (as of 2009 it's 500 million) citizens of the EU, there are another 1.5 billion people who depend completely on an EU that is their biggest trade partner and their biggest source of credit, foreign investment, and aid. These two billion people (one-third of the world's population) live in the "Eurosphere": Europe's zone of influence, which is gradually being transformed by the European project and adopting European ways of doing things. Europe's power is easy to miss. Europe doesn't flaunt its strength or talk about a "single sustainable model of progress" as America does. Instead, like an "invisible hand", it operates through the shell of traditional political structures. The Dail, Irish law courts, and Irish civil servants are still here, but they have all become agents of the European Union, implementing European law. This is no accident. By creating standards that are implemented through national institutions, Europe can take over the world without becoming a target for hostility. The same is true of European troops abroad who often serve under UN or NATO flags rather than the European one. While every US company, embassy and military base is a terrorist target, Europe's invisibility allows it to spread its influence without provocation. The fact that Europe does not have one leader, but rather a network of centres of power united by common policies and goals, means it can expand to accommodate ever-greater numbers of countries without compromising their independence, while continuing to provide its members with the benefits of being part of the largest market in the world. Europeans are not interested in classic geo-politics when they talk to other countries: instead, they use the law to change them from within. Instead of talking about the war on terror or the balance of power, they look at what kind of government they have. What values underpin the state? What are its constitutional and regulatory frameworks? Europe's obsession with legal frameworks means it can transform the countries it comes into contact with, instead of just skimming the surface. The US might have changed the regime in Afghanistan, but Europe is changing all of Polish society, from its economic policies and property laws to its treatment of minorities and what gets served on the nation's tables. The lonely superpower can bribe, bully, or impose its will almost anywhere in the world, but when its back is turned, its potency wanes. The strength of the EU, conversely, is broad and deep: once sucked into its sphere of influence, countries are changed forever.
The world celebrate today an International day? Yes indeed , the day that George W bush leaving the presidency is the most pleasant news or you could say the dream come true. This man (if he a man really) turn the globe to flames , co operate with Bin laden in the world #1 blow up project WTC 10,000 Innocentts and then turn the ball into the other innocents in Afghanstan needless to say about the infrastructures, 2001. from Afghanstan to the biggest mistake of the world (SADDAM-AL QAEDA-WEAPONS OF TOTAL DISTRUCTION) who equally means one word [ OIL ] replacing the legit regime into puppet regime 2003. After that he start the mercenaries war and committing many international crimes in Falluja and other Iraqi cities, also no point to take about [GUANTANAMO-ABU GHRAIB SCANDAL] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse Also war on Libanon with his permission (Israel-Hezbullah) or you can say the [Army \ militia] conflict . the (Ethiopian-Somalian) war with his permission. P.S: He can fight against any part of the world and gain quick victory like Iraq but how long he will stay before the K.O thats the question and that answered why he didnt send troops again in Somalia and Libanon.(AUTHORIZED WAR) The Darfur crisis become bigger than it was. the world saw the US as the inspired nation so Russia invade Georgia. India need additional reason to restart the fierce conflict with Pakistan. many country have civil unrest will soon turn into civil war or coup,[Pakistan-Middle East countries] If you thought that I was wrong then you think that the US ALLIED COUNTRIES also wrong, look at this: UK :(Blair) changed after the policy of THE MASTER AND THE DOG. Spain:Jose Maria Aznar AKA the devil changed. Australia:Leader changed. Malaysia and Indonesia:changed her opinion about aid US after 9/11. The LATINOS were smart enough to clair their ECONOMIC INDEPENDENT as well politics under the leadership of Chavez the new powerful Castro.latinos = the EX WHITE HOUSE BACKYARD. leaving America no fund and the world already get in economic crisis. Needless to say that the American empire start its fall under HIS rule. untill this moment he insist to score death to all human especially in GAZA. Finally the world should salute his former leader BY SHOES.
Haiti - American Church Members, Saviours or Child Abductors? The news has just broken that many of the 'orphans' which were 'rescued' by members of the arrested American based, Meridian, Idaho, Church were in fact not orphans at all and have families alive and well and living in Haiti. The arrests had echoes of those of workers from a French religious charity who were arrested in Chad, in November of 2007. and subsequently convicted of kidnap. The arrests which were made as church members allegedly attempted to cross the Haitian border with the children who, it would seem, had with them no passports or documentation of any kind, a fact in itself which would have made repatriation of the children at a later date, as it was claimed was the intention, extremely difficult if not downright impossible. At the time of the arrests there was a great deal of anger in the U.S. and elsewhere in the West I'm sure, at what was widely regarded as poor helpless orphans being denied a better life in the U.S.A. Surely, if these people wanted to help the children then they should have offered help and support in Haiti. There seems to exist an arrogance particularly amongst some Americans but by no means exclusively so, about what is best for the poor of the Third World and in particular their children, which seems to be predicated on material wealth and right-wing Christian morals. These attitudes are uncomfortably reminiscent of those which prevailed in Great Britain in the late nineteenth century at a time when Christian missionaries travelled to remote parts of the British Empire to bring God and civilisation to the 'heathen savages'. More recently we witnessed, in Australia, Aboriginal children stripped from their families to be given a 'better life' with white families or in care homes, and more recently still, poor often slum dwelling English children around the time of WWII 'transported' to live with Australian families under the guise of war evacuation, but in fact this was done to bolster and add new blood to the Australian population. Sadly, many of both the Aboriginal and British children finished up physically and/or sexually abused. In very recent times we have seen film stars and wealthy celebrities such as the singer Madonna causing a great deal of controversy when they have bought their most recent little black, brown or yellow baby. In the case of Madonna, her P.R. machine tried to counter the negative comments, which abounded at the time, by pointing to the financial advantages that this 'lucky child', Baby David, would win by becoming part of his new dysfunctional family. Who the hell are we to make value judgements about the quality of life of others? I wonder what would be the attitude of the many Americans if wealthy Europeans or God forbid Africans or Asians were caught trying to smuggle poor children from the projects and trailer parks of the U.S.A. to give them a better life in their countries? - Actually no don't answer that one, but I'm sure you see the point that I am trying to make. Now I am not suggesting for one moment that true orphans who are in need of adoption should not be relocated abroad but these decisions should be made by the proper agencies, for proper reasons and following proper procedures which have built into them safeguards to protect the interests of the child and not by some rag tag bunch of religious missionaries who imagine themselves to be on a quest from their god or, worse, adventurers who see the children as a commodity which can carry a bounty of upwards of $10,000 per head. Saviours or Child Abductors, You decide? Thanks to all who’ve joined this debate so far, it is a relief to note that most of you pretty much agree with my point of view maybe I should try to answer one or two of you who didn't. * Docker - You completely missed the point I was trying to make - who decides what is 'better off'? * $$$ - Oh my! This sounds like a case of sour grapes, are you sure that you are getting enough? * Sophie, what venom! - I wondered at first whether you had accidentally attached your answer to the wrong question. I never mentioned 'conservatives' also I was not aware that I had expressed any hate or bigotry. I am assuming that you harbour these feelings because I have mentioned Americans. I certainly had no intention of trying to denigrate or cause any offence to my Colonial cousins but unfortunately, in this case at least, the child snatchers were American and so this would automatically apply an American spin and any reference to arrogance was meant to apply to all of us in the developed world.
Which empire throughout the course of history has been the greatest? Yes I know that this question is pretty broad, but use your best judgment. Im doing this question for a research project in one of my classes so if you could add some reasons that would be great. The list Im using is as follows, so if you could use one of these id appreciate it, but if you feel I've left one out feel free to add on. - Roman - British - Mongolian - French - Macedonian - Spanish - Russian - Persian - Egyptian - Han - Japanese - Dutch - German - American - Arabian
Does a false legend have value, is there a time when the truth comes at too high a price? Does a legend have as much value as the truth? Imagine for a moment if you will… The Nazis won the second world war, with the surrender of the Allies. Hitler is shown as the brave hero who overcame the evil empires of the Americans and British and many people look to him as a true leader. Shortly after Adolf Hitler’s death the Nazi Party fell into disarray and vanished from the face of the earth. Hitler is shown by popular history as the brave hero who overcame the evil empires of the Americans and British. Slowly the crimes of the Nazi Party are forgotten, replaced by propaganda and lies. After the fall of the Nazi party comes the Reformationist Party who’s leader is inspired by the teachings of the greatest minds in history. This leads to an era of utopian type peace as the territory covered by the old Nazi Party covers most of the globe. The year is 2345, you are assigned as a project to construct for a documentary a history of the beginnings of the Nazi and Reformationist Parties. During your research you uncover the buried documents and history of the second world war, the death camps and brutality of the time. Given that the world’s current peace is built upon a foundation of lies you would feel compelled to reveal the truth. However the legend of Hitler as the great hero standing against the evil empires combined with the thoughts of the greatest minds in history has lead most people to try to improve and better themselves, revealing the truth could cause civil war, deaths of millions and an end to the peace that has lasted almost 250 years. Given what is at stake, would you reveal the truth? Does not the legend, if not the man, have value? And what if you found that a person who is regarded as a hero today, someone who inspires people to better themselves, was nothing more than a thug and crook? Would you expose the truth? Is there a time when the truth comes at too high a price? Serious answers only please. Thanks.
Please help! Anything I can create that represents Puerto Rico? Thank you for opening! For my American History project, I was given Puerto Rico to do. And I have to make a model that represents the place. I could redo a location, natural or manmade, that is famous. Or I can recreate an event or something they do everyone year. I really don't know anything about the place so I cant think of anything. You know something I can do? For example if I was given New York, I could do the empire state building, or statue of liberty, etc. Thank you for all answers =]
The romans catholicism whiteness the modern day superpowers, societies and? cultures who project their power and cultures upon others are always seen negatively, how come ? Look at the Roman Empire for example, to the north they conquered everything except for the Scots, today Germany and England are among the wealthiest societies on earth, while the Scots are known for tossing logs and brewing whiskey. Africas misery started when the Colonial empires collapsed, just like Europes dark ages started with the downfall of Rome and I doubt any African American today would like to trade places with the people who have not been shipped overseas. So why is power always seen negatively ?
Proud to be American ? read this? JOHN PERKINS: Well, really, over the past 30 to 40 years, we economic hit men have created the largest global empire in the history of the world. And we do this, typically -- well, there are many ways to do it, but a typical one is that we identify a third-world country that has resources, which we covet. And often these days that's oil, or might be the canal in the case of Panama. In any case, we go to that third-world country and we arrange a huge loan from the international lending community; usually the World Bank leads that process. So, let's say we give this third-world country a loan of $1 billion. One of the conditions of that loan is that the majority of it, roughly 90%, comes back to the United States to one of our big corporations, the ones we've all heard of recently, the Bechtels, the Halliburtons. And those corporations build in this third-world country large power plants, highways, ports, or industrial parks -- big infrastructure projects that basically serve the very rich in those countries. The poor people in those countries and the middle class suffer; they don't benefit from these loans, they don't benefit from the projects. In fact, often their social services have to be severely curtailed in the process of paying off the debt. Now what also happens is that this third-world country then is saddled with a huge debt that it can't possibly repay. For example, today, Ecuador. Ecuador's foreign debt, as a result of the economic hit man, is equal to roughly 50% of its national budget. It cannot possibly repay this debt, as is the case with so many third-world countries. So, now we go back to those countries and say, look, you borrowed all this money from us, and you owe us this money, you can't repay your debts, so give our oil companies your oil at very cheap costs. And in the case of many of these countries, Ecuador is a good example here, that means destroying their rain forests and destroying their indigenous cultures. That's what we're doing today around the world, and we've been doing it -- it began shortly after the end of World War II. It has been building up over time until today where it's really reached mammoth proportions where we control most of the resources of the world.
Why do middle class project my father and I will forever be passing out checks with their names on them? I have spent many long nights considering just that. Rome fell, so did Egypt. Britain fell, so did........Why can't America fall? Why! We are egotistical, narcississtic, live in homes the Chinese actually own (and Japanese and England and.....others, basically), drive cars that those countries actually own as well, yet think we will never fall; think we will succeed 'cause Bush and Obama and McCain tell us on a stage that "it's an impossibility." What did---somebody, tell me!--- the masses (the middle class) think at the height of the Pax Romana, when the internal wars were over and peace was established througout "most" of the empire (and I'm only talking this period since it was the Romans last stage and hopefully some people know history on here)? What did most people (middle class, again) think while Octavious (George Bush or McCain or Obama) had the idea of invincibility spread throughout the empire? They thought falling was out of the question? Ask your yourself how many middle class Americans "actually believe" this country will not fall, their babies will always get good healthcare, their houses they will own forever, their cars will always be fueled and "cranked and ready to head to the ballgame"? Ask yourself! Then get back with me. The number, yes, I know, is outrageous. You gremlins belive the propoganda. Thanks, middle class. I love my beach house, but when George Bush defaults on all US credit, demonetizes the US dollar, blows up another city and declares Marshall Law, I will have you to thank. *puts forth hand for a shake*
Have you read this book, about American Foreign policy, What are your thoughts? Confessions of an Economic Hit Man reveals a game that, according to John Perkins, is "as old as Empire" but has taken on new and terrifying dimensions in an era of globalization. And Perkins should know. For many years he worked for an international consulting firm where his main job was to convince LDCs (less developed countries) around the world to accept multibillion-dollar loans for infrastructure projects and to see to it that most of this money ended up at Halliburton, Bechtel, Brown and Root, and other United States engineering and construction companies. This book, which many people warned Perkins not to write, is a blistering attack on a little-known phenomenon that has had dire consequences on both the victimized countries and the U.S.
why the big push for one world government.? World Bank President and Bilderberg elitist Robert Zoellick openly admitted the plan to eliminate national sovereignty and impose a global government during a speech on the eve of the G20 summit. Speaking about the agenda to increase not just funding but power for international organizations on the back of the financial crisis, Zoellick stated, “If leaders are serious about creating new global responsibilities or governance, let them start by modernising multilateralism to empower the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank Group to monitor national policies.” In other words, give global institutions the power to regulate national policy as part of the creation of global government. What Zoellick is outlining is essentially the end of national sovereignty and the reclassification of national governments as mere subordinates to a global authority that is completely unaccountable to the voting public of any country. The more cynical amongst us would call this a global dictatorship. Zoellick couches the plan in flowery rhetoric of helping the poor and alleviating poverty, but as we have documented for years, the global elite’s goal of world government has little to do with saving the planet and everything to do with creating a global fascist state. Zoellick, former Executive Vice President of Fannie Mae and advisor to Goldman Sachs, is a top elitist who was intimately involved in the Enron scandal and the 2000 presidential election debacle. He was also a signatory to the Project For A New American century document that called for invading Iraq as part of implementing a brutal world empire in 1998. He was later a foreign policy advisor to George W. Bush. As to be expected, Zoellick is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission. He also attended the annual invitation-only conferences of the Bilderberg Group in 1991, 2003, 2006 and 2007. Meanwhile, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown will use the G20 summit in London to extend an olive branch to China, offering them a central role in the construction of a new world order and a global government, according to reports. “Brown will hold talks with Hu Jintao, China’s president, following discussions with Barack Obama, amid signs that developing countries see the G20 summit as a chance to impose a new world order and end the era of Anglo-European dominance,” reports the Guardian. Under the proposal, China will vastly increase its IMF funding in return for more voting rights. A central focus of the G20 summit will be the proposal to supplant the dollar with a new global currency. Both the IMF and the United Nations threw their weight behind the implementation of a new global reserve currency system to replace the dollar, in the same week that Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner told CFR globalists that he was “open” to the idea. China and Russia brought the issue to the forefront of this week’s G20 when they jointly called for a new global reserve currency a week ago. Brown has consistently called for global regulation of the financial system as a means towards global governance. In a speech at St Paul’s Cathedral in London yesterday he again called for a new “global society”. Research related articles:
Do you think America is the New Rome? And the Roman Republic morphed into an Empire with immense power. Do you think this could happen with America? Or does this 'empire' exist now in a non-geographical sort of way with American control over world economy and projected military prowess?
What Are Your Top Ten Songs At The Moment? For me it's: 1 - White Horse - Taylor Swift 2 - You Belong With Me - Taylor Swift 3 - Walking On A Dream - Empire Of The Sun 4 - Trouble Is A Friend - Lenka 5 - Flightless Bird, American Mouth - Iron & Wine 6 - Kids - MGMT 7 - Get Shaky - Ian Carey Project 8 - Love Sotry - Taylor Swift 9 - One More Time - Daft Punk 10 - Can I Have This Dance - Vanessa Hudgens & Zac Efron
WHat do you think of my holocaust essay? sort of a non-guided project. My (vague) topic was something along the lines of why germany wasnt interfered with earlier. Any criticism? During the Holocaust, Germany was the only country that initially was a Nazi country. They did, however, convert other countries into Nazi countries. This was primarily done by force. This raises the question of why they were able to act in such a way when other countries clearly saw that Nazism was a bad idea. The majority of countries feared Hitler’s wrath so much, they were reluctant to resist him. Alternatively, some countries decided that they supported his dictatorial efforts and sided with him. These countries created the Axis Powers. The major powers involved were Germany, Japan, and Italy. Opposing them in World War two were the Allied Powers. Countries affiliated with the Allies included The Soviet Union, the British Empire, and The United States of America. There were more than 40 affiliates. Considering how many more countries were involved in the Axis, it would seem that the Allies would win immediately. However, the war lasted from 1937 to 1941. The reason the Axis was able to stay in the war was partially the strength of their armies but also due to the number of countries annexed by the empires. Some of the countries, such as Austria, agreed peacefully to being occupied. Others exerted all of their efforts but ended up occupied anyway. Perhaps one of the most historical sequences of invasions by Germany was Czechoslovakia and Poland. Germany had made an agreement with the Allies that he would, after Czechoslovakia, not invade any other countries. He, however, broke the pact and proceeded to annex Poland. It was not until the pact was broken that the British and Americans got involved. But why did we wait? There are two major reasons Britain and America were hesitant to enter the war earlier. One was that they had both been deeply affected by the Great Depression. The other main reason was that they did not understand the extent of Hitler’s anti-semitic actions. Also, neither country was interested in experiencing another world war and tried their best to stay out of the war. Another reason (which only applies to the United States) was that they found European affairs to be unimportant to the prosperity of the United States of America. Had there been interference earlier, the Holocaust would not have been as deadly as it was. Over the span of two months in 1945 (April and May) the European part of the war came to an end. Mussolini and Hitler died, German forces surrendered, and multiple peace treaties were signed. Minorities were removed from camps. The majority died sometime soon after this. Those that survived have, for decades, been involved in various forms of Holocaust education. The Holocaust and World Wars were both extremely deadly. Had Nazi Germany been challenged sooner, these events would have been far less deadly. But the course of events, although it resulted in many deaths of innocent people, resulted in the liberation of Germans and other Europeans. While there are still genocides, it is almost certain that Germany is permanently reformed. sry i meant it is for a ww2/holocaust class
How nice is this....so what do you think...? A recent Austin-American Statesman review of Neo-Con Philip Bobbitt's new book Terror and Consent features an image of a shredded Constitution under the words "Everything must go," which acts as a suitable entrée to a disgusting diatribe which praises Bobbitt's call for the end of America and its replacement with a de facto world government in the name of fighting terror. The words, "How to Fight Terrorism" are in place of a torn piece of the Bill of Rights. Reviewer James E. McWilliams describes Bobbitt as "a distinguished lecturer and senior fellow at the University of Texas and a law professor at Columbia University," but anyone with a basic grasp of what America's founders envisioned and what Ronald Reagan later termed the "shining city on a hill" would be more apt to describe Bobbitt - nephew of Lyndon Baines Johnson and former State Department counselor - as an enemy of the Republic. McWilliams' fawning review of the book is intended to sucker in millionaire pseudo-intellectuals who think they are part of the elite by using mental gymnastics and brazenly contradictory statements in order to justifying the revolting underlying premise of the book. As soon as we learn that the facade of Bobbitt's argument is to provide a solution "for fighting the wars that are bound to plague the 21st century," we're already safe in the knowledge that Bobbitt represents another chicken-necked warhawk who has already claimed ownership of the next 10 decades for his Neo-Con ideological fetish of imperial bloodletting and brutal domination. So what exactly is Bobbitt's solution? The complete obliteration of sovereignty and the nation state and its replacement with a new "order that takes its structural cues from multinational corporations and nongovernmental organizations" that will have the power to pursue "more aggressive tactics of preclusionary warfare," meaning more pre-emptive invasions of broken-backed third world countries to expand the creaking pax-Americana empire. Despite terse and contradictory promises that we will still have some semblance of freedom in Bobbitt's technocracy, he admits that there will be "no obvious answer to many of the human rights issues that are bound to arise," as a result of his plan to completely eviscerate God-given freedoms enumerated in the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The reviewer cites Bobbitt's justification to impose world government as a means of combating,"The accessibility of weapons of mass destruction, the globalization of international capital and the "universalization of culture" have eroded the conventional borders that once legitimated national security," all problems that were created by globalists' drive to impose centralized systems of control in the first place by creating crises and then posing as the saviors. This is another classic example of problem-reaction-solution. Use the pretext of the problems you have created to then offer a solution that befits your ultimate agenda - global government. "Bobbitt believes that the UN Charter should be amended to allow the preemptive use of force without a Security Council authorization," and "In cases in which the use of non-lethal chemical weapons could be used to prevent terror, be able to redefine such methods as "counterforce measures," writes McWilliams. The "use of chemical weapons," where have we heard that one before? It was Paul Wolfowitz, Dick Cheney, William Kristol, Donald Rumsfeld and the rest of the Neo-Con collaborators that formed the Project For a New American Century - the ideological framework of the Bush administration, who proposed the use of "...advanced forms of biological warfare that can target specific genotypes (which) may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically useful tool." A leaked British Ministry of Defense report last year also envisioned a nightmare future society in which the population are forced to accept brain chips, immigration and urbanization ravages communities, class warfare ensues, and biological and neutron weapons are used to combat overpopulation. Since Bobbitt cites "non-lethal chemical weapons" as a means of "preventing terror" what exactly does he mean? Mass-medicating Americans' drinking water with sodium fluoride to keep the population docile and subservient to the new international order, absent of traditional constitutional rights, that Bobbitt seeks to impose? The vagueness of the reference suggests Bobbitt and in turn the simpering reviewer McWilliams are attempting to carefully dance around the true scale of the horror that they are advocating. Mandating a false choice between the acceptance of terrorism as a routine cancer upon society or the imposition of a brutal warmongering world government and the obliteration of sovereignty and the constitution, the book advises us to progress, "not by choosing good over bad, but — as is usually the case in war and politics — the lesser of evils." And the lesser of evils in this case is to allow Bobbitt and his salivating Neo-Con cronies to have their way with the 21st century while they posture and insist their global government is our savior against a terrorist threat that they created in the first place. As Bobbitt would no doubt agree with the CFR's Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., the globalists are "not going to achieve a new world order without paying for it in blood as well as in words and money," and as H.G. Wells proclaimed, "Countless people... will hate the new world order... and will die protesting against it... When we attempt to evaluate its promise, we have to bear in mind the distress of a generation or so of malcontents..." We are those "malcontents" that the globalists fear so much, we are the representation of everything that is good about the human spirit - love, hope, the yearning for freedom and a kindred bond with our fellow man, along with the shared promise of a peaceful and prosperous future for our children. Bobbitt and the rest of the Neo-Con turds who have already decided to condemn us to a century of warfare, tyranny, and centralized control may be surprised to learn that the resistance to their agenda is accelerating and that the true essence of humanity, the "malcontents," will rise up and condemn them to the only place they belong - on the scrapheap of history. READ IT ALREADY
Why do conservatives not understand oil is the life of a nation? and stop the oil tax and tax gas hogs??????? whether you conservatives like it or not oil is the life blood of the U.S. economy ,and that of the world ,and when the U.S. economy is felled by idiotic conservative policies, beliefs ,like not taxing road hog subs the people they champion, the poor will be the first to suffer hardest,and longest,no jobs for the poor,no jobs for the middle class,no products to be sold by the rich,no tax`s to taken from the working american to be given to con/repugnent.,voters know what conservative ,it seems your beliefs will finally bring the american nation to an end,conservative beliefs brought the roman empire to its destruction,it seems as consevative beliefs will bring the american nation to its destruction as well!,. the roman empire was once a republic meaning it had a congress that ran a fair system of laws but then came the Emperor who destroyed their consistution and wanted more power and that started the fall and the beginning of the dark ages of no public works project that made them, i mean the public works projects that made both the roman and american empire great,.http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=Ahb6U07bYYh0y8rjduPkZ5bsy6IX;_ylv=3?qid=20080121174853AApsFi6&show=7#profile-info-YMmzqePoaa oh and the most important thing the conservatives over look but i don't is that the biggest gas guzzling state is Florida and i wonder who runs that state? and do they allow drilling off its shores since they have air conditioning burning up or fuel as well as all those gas guzzling private ships and boats,.
Why do alleged "anti-war" activists talk about how much they "appreciate" the military? http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/05/rotc-may-return-to-stanford/ At Stanford, the "anti-war" activists pretending to oppose the reintroduction of the militaristic ROTC program at that university, say that they "appreciate what the military does for us." So, they "appreciate" the mass murder of innocent civilians in undeclared (and thus unconstitutional) wars of aggression? They "appreciate" the Global Crusade to spread "Democracy" to people who don't want it (isn't it undemocratic to force "democracy" on people who don't want it?)? Despite the claims of the militarists, the military has never done anything to "protect our freedom." The military tried unsuccessfully to invade Canada (War of 1812), stole half of Mexico (the Mexican War; thus, one can hardly blame the "illegals" for wanting to reclaim land that was stolen from "their" country), forced a breakaway region that attempted to become independent as was its right under the Constitution to remain part of the Empire (Dishonest Abe Lincoln's War of Northern Aggression), stole land from the Native Americans (the "Indian" Wars), conquered the remnant of the Spanish Empire, carried out a genocide in the Philippines to prevent Filipino Independence (Philippine-American War), aided Britain and France's war of aggression against the German-speaking nations (World War I, the first Crusade for Democracy, a term used by the Old Right opponents of that war) and then fought another war to try to fix the mess they enabled Britain and France to create (World War II; this War ended after the only 2 uses of nuclear weapons in history against the Japanese as they were trying to surrender), an illegal UN war in Korea (Korean War), the war to try to prevent Vietnamese self-determination (the Vietnam War), the double-cross of Saddam Hussein (First Gulf War; this began after Saddam invaded Kuwait with Bush's permission; Bush then decided to attack Saddam, crippling Iraq), the "humanitarian" wars to improve Slick Bill Clinton's poll numbers (Bosnia, Kosovo etc.), and Bush's wars of aggression against Afghanistan and Iraq. At the moment, the War Party is projecting itself onto Iran (Iran has no nukes and there is no evidence whatsoever of an Iranian nuclear weapons program; furthermore, Iran has not attacked anybody in centuries, probably since the days of the Persian invasion of Greece around 25 centuries ago; yet, nuclear Israel, which carries out periodic ethnic cleansing of the Palestinians and routinely steals even more Palestinian land for those "settlements", and nuclear USA, the world's 2 leading rogue states, project themselves unto the Iranians). Can anybody who "appreciates" the military of a rogue state and what they do for that terrorist nation's subjects seriously claim to be an "anti-war" activist? By the way, I am NOT "anti-American" as I believe in the principles upon which this nation was founded, including an America First foreign policy of non-intervention. Those who are truly "unAmerican" are the warmongers, because they advocate a foreign policy that is the opposite of what George Washington advocated in his Farewell Address.
Is Oprah pathing the path for Obama? Can Oprah Winfrey, the most influential woman in America, make Barack Obama the next President of the United States? special report "Obama & the Oprah Factor" examines how the billionaire talk-show host and her millions of deeply devoted fans could help put the Democratic Senator from Illinois in the White House. In fact, Oprah's backing has already made Obama a top contender in a short time. The report also features the surprising results of a Zogby poll, commissioned by Newsmax, revealing Oprah's political reach and how Oprah stacks up against the power of Hillary Clinton. The "Obama & the Oprah Factor" edition of Newsmax magazine is hitting newsstands across the country, including many Barnes & Noble, Hastings, Follett, Borders, B.Dalton, Books-A-Million, Joseph Beth and other major bookstores, as well as Publix, Meijer, Kroger's and Wegman's supermarkets, and Hudson News and Paradies airport newsstands. This edition of Newsmax magazine is not to be missed! # Why Oprah has broken all precedent by endorsing Obama # The remarkable and similar life paths the two share # Oprah and Obama: links to a controversial Chicago church # How Oprah could torpedo Hillary's candidacy # How Oprah's jumpstarted Obama campaign by making his book a best seller # "Oprah-Obama '08" T-shirts — a sign of things to come? # The two sources of Oprah's amazing clout # The spiritual mentor who changed Obama's life # The simple request that could make Obama the best-funded candidate # How Oprah may have subtlety helped elect George Bush in 2000 with her famous kiss # Why celebrities are "the most widely available drug in America" # Obama's "perfect" liberal voting record # The political left's anti-Winfrey "NOprah" movement # Obama's Freudian slip about Oprah # Dick Morris reveals the voting bloc that will be key in '08 # Obama's Illinois voting record on crime # Behind-the-scenes at Oprah's mighty media empire — TV, radio, Internet, publishing and more # How influential are African-American celebrities like Oprah, Tiger Woods, or Michael Jordan? # Oprah's "wastefully lavish" project in Africa
Why do does the UK feel it has any say in our affairs? i see in alot of british newspapers polls asking their readers about matters in the US. fact is they dont live here so they should **** off. i also see alot of articles about american issues, they lost their right to comment when they started expressing their hate of the US and calling us terrorist. if they dont like us then why do they have commentary on our issues. asking their readers about how obama is doing as a president. dont they have a leader of their own. i lost interest in our partnership in the uk when they started stabbing us in the back. since their empire went down the toilet and they need our special relationship to project their power. then why do they hate us. i say end the special relationship and let them sink. most of the comments left are a americans are stupid this and that. we kill people this and that. the same u that built an empire of blood.i lost interest in their say when they became just another muslim contry/emirate.
Do Turkeys Enjoy Thanksgiving? Like Old Imperialism, New Imperialism relies for its success on a network of agents - corrupt local elites who service Empire. We all know the sordid story of Enron in India. The then-Maharashtra government signed a power purchase agreement that gave Enron profits that amounted to 60 percent of India's entire rural development budget. A single American company was guaranteed a profit equivalent to funds for infrastructural development for about 500 million people! Unlike in the old days, the New Imperialist doesn't need to trudge around the tropics risking malaria or diarrhea or early death. New Imperialism can be conducted on e-mail. The vulgar, hands-on racism of Old Imperialism is outdated. The cornerstone of New Imperialism is New Racism. The best allegory for New Racism is the tradition of "turkey pardoning" in the United States. Every year since 1947, the National Turkey Federation has presented the US President with a turkey for Thanksgiving. Every year, in a show of ceremonial magnanimity, the President spares that particular bird (and eats another one). After receiving the presidential pardon, the Chosen One is sent to Frying Pan Park in Virginia to live out its natural life. The rest of the 50 million turkeys raised for Thanksgiving are slaughtered and eaten on Thanksgiving Day. ConAgra Foods, the company that has won the Presidential Turkey contract, says it trains the lucky birds to be sociable, to interact with dignitaries, school children and the press. (Soon they'll even speak English!) That's how New Racism in the corporate era works. A few carefully bred turkeys - the local elites of various countries, a community of wealthy immigrants, investment bankers, the occasional Colin Powell or Condoleezza Rice, some singers, some writers (like myself) - are given absolution and a pass to Frying Pan Park. The remaining millions lose their jobs, are evicted from their homes, have their water and electricity connections cut, and die of AIDS. Basically they're for the pot. But the Fortunate Fowls in Frying Pan Park are doing fine. Some of them even work for the IMF and the WTO - so who can accuse those organizations of being antiturkey? Some serve as board members on the Turkey Choosing Committee - so who can say that turkeys are against Thanksgiving? They participate in it! Who can say the poor are anti-corporate globalization? There's a stampede to get into Frying Pan Park. So what if most perish on the way? As part of the project of New Racism we also have New Genocide. New Genocide in this new era of economic interdependence can be facilitated by economic sanctions. New Genocide means creating conditions that lead to mass death without actually going out and killing people. Denis Halliday, who was the UN humanitarian coordinator in Iraq between 1997 and 1998 (after which he resigned in disgust), used the term genocide to describe the sanctions in Iraq. In Iraq the sanctions outdid Saddam Hussein's best efforts by claiming more than half a million children's lives. In the new era, apartheid as formal policy is antiquated and unnecessary. International instruments of trade and finance oversee a complex system of multilateral trade laws and financial agreements that keep the poor in their bantustans anyway. Its whole purpose is to institutionalize inequity. Why else would it be that the US taxes a garment made by a Bangladeshi manufacturer twenty times more than a garment made in Britain? Why else would it be that countries that grow cocoa beans, like the Ivory Coast and Ghana, are taxed out of the market if they try to turn it into chocolate? Why else would it be that countries that grow 90 percent of the world's cocoa beans produce only 5 percent of the world's chocolate? Why else would it be that rich countries that spend over a billion dollars a day on subsidies to farmers demand that poor countries like India withdraw all agricultural subsidies, including subsidized electricity? Why else would it be that after having been plundered by colonizing regimes for more than half a century, former colonies are steeped in debt to those same regimes and repay them some $382 billion a year?
Why don't the warmongers understand that their wars are the cause of terrorism? source: http://www.fff.org/comment/com1001d.asp The handwringing about the would-be Christmas Day airplane bomber and the politicians’ tiresome declarations that it will never happen again miss the point: As long as the U.S. government pursues its imperial program of invasion, regime change, occupation, and sponsorship of corrupt governments in the Muslim world, Americans will be targets for avengers. This does not excuse the killing of innocents — it merely points out an inevitable chain of events. It’s either foreign intervention and retaliatory terrorism or nonintervention and security. There’s no third way. We can’t eat our cake and have it too. Every empire has reaped a terrorist whirlwind. “Terror” is the tactic that the weak use against the strong. The U.S. government unleashes the most powerful “conventional” weapons known to man, including pilotless killer drones operated like videogames thousands of miles away. Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab sewed an explosive into his underwear and ended up burning himself. It is disgraceful that the choice between terrorism and security is rarely publicly discussed in terms of the choice between American imperialism and nonintervention. The empire is treated as a given — even by most so-called progressives — as though it were ordained by history. The American people are expected to believe that the very existence of their society depends on the U.S. government’s policing the globe and using whatever violence it deems appropriate (that is, whenever things do not suit the interests of U.S. policymakers and their economic partners in the “private” sector). But this picture is precisely upside down. It is the imperial program and the inevitable “war on terror” that threatens Americans’ way of life — not to mention the very lives of people in the lands that “our” government tramples. Government in the United States has long regarded the liberties of Americans as inconveniences standing in the way of bigger, nobler projects. Since the attacks of September 11 — not a bolt from the blue but a roughly predictable consequence of U.S. foreign intervention — the usurpations have accelerated. The “war on terror” functions like a blank check both to justify curtailment of particular freedoms (such as freedom from surveillance) and to instill an embarrassing submissiveness in a people whose predecessors rebelled against similar oppression. Imagine the first few generations of Americans letting themselves be treated the way we are treated at airports. “You may not leave your seat beginning one hour before landing.” “Oh, okay. Whatever you say, dear leader, as long as you protect me.” When the TSA begins requiring passengers effectively to strip in front of the newest inspection devices, who will raise a word in protest? The sad irony is that none of these measures — and nothing even more severe — will make us safer. What we call terrorism will always be cheap, flexible, and at least one step ahead of the plodding, clueless authorities. Al-Qaeda is not an organization. It’s an idea and an open-ended set of tactics. Clear it out of Afghanistan — and it appears in Pakistan or Yemen or New Jersey. When you step back and take a broader view, the U.S. government looks like a big, pathetic, stupid giant trying to catch a pesky, clever mouse. The terrorists’ advantage lies in the fact that bureaucracies are institutionally stupid. Do we really need more proof after the Christmas Day incident? Just as the SEC couldn’t see Bernie Madoff’s fraudulent activities even when handed reams of evidence, so the vaunted “national security apparatus” — for which Americans are compelled to pay hundreds of billions of dollars every year — couldn’t stop a kid from Nigeria wearing explosive briefs from getting on a plane, despite warnings from his own father as well as other solid information. The “protection” forced on us by the U.S. government is an outright fraud. It can never deliver on its promise to keep us safe because big organizations like the Department of Homeland Security (!) are too riven by interagency rivalries, informational distortions, and hierarchical tone-deafness to work effectively. (The same is true for businesses that grow large because of anti-competitive government privileges.) Letting private companies protect themselves at their own expense would have to work better. Does this mean we must remain vulnerable? No. We’ll find a reasonable degree of safety when America comes home. ---------------------- By the way, the "leftist" who wrote this article is the editor of the Freeman magazine, published by the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE). FEE is one of the oldest free market think tanks and one of the most consistent. The website on which the source article was posted is the Future of Freedom Foundation, another free market think tank.
why do does the UK feel it has any say in our affairs? i see in alot of british newspapers polls asking their readers about matters in the US. fact is they dont live here so they should fuck off. i also see alot of articles about american issues, they lost their right to comment when they started expressing their hate of the US and calling us terrorist. if they dont like us then why do they have commentary on our issues. asking their readers about how obama is doing as a president. dont they have a leader of their own. i lost interest in our partnership in the uk when they started stabbing us in the back. since their empire went down the toilet and they need our special relationship to project their power. then why do they hate us. i say end the special relationship and let them sink. most of the comments left are a americans are stupid this and that. we kill people this and that. the same u that built an empire of blood.
What's your favorite 90's movie? Clueless vs Showgirls Can't Hardly Wait vs Jurassic Park Varsity Blues vs House Party Romeo & Juliet vs Jumanji Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead vs Hackers Office Space vs Airheads Reality Bites vs Space Jam Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 vs The Net Encino Man vs Stargate She's All That vs Rookie of the Year Clerks vs Mortal Kombat Empire Records vs The Cutting Edge Jerry Maguire vs Super Mario Bros Ace Ventura Pet Detective vs Home Alone Titanic vs 3 Ninjas Friday vs Point Break Billy Madison vs The Craft PCU vs Silence of the Lambs Singles vs Half Baked Forrest Gump vs Batman Forever White Men Can't Jump vs Bad Boys Swingers vs The Blair Witch Project Austin Powers vs The Mighty Ducks Scream vs Sleepless in Seattle American Pie vs Mo' Money 10 Things I Hate About You vs Tommy Boy Cruel Intentions vs Speed Boyz n tha Hood vs The Crow Airborne vs Dunston Checks In Wayne's World vs My Cousin Vinny Independence Day vs Weekend at Bernies Dangerous Minds vs Free Willy I prob should add a bit more detail.. I'm doing a 90's march madness thing and you guys decide the winners :)
Pick your favorite 90's movie!!? Clueless vs Showgirls Can't Hardly Wait vs Jurassic Park Varsity Blues vs House Party Romeo & Juliet vs Jumanji Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead vs Hackers Office Space vs Airheads Reality Bites vs Space Jam Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 vs The Net Encino Man vs Stargate She's All That vs Rookie of the Year Clerks vs Mortal Kombat Empire Records vs The Cutting Edge Jerry Maguire vs Super Mario Bros Ace Ventura Pet Detective vs Home Alone Titanic vs 3 Ninjas Friday vs Point Break Billy Madison vs The Craft PCU vs Silence of the Lambs Singles vs Half Baked Forrest Gump vs Batman Forever White Men Can't Jump vs Bad Boys Swingers vs The Blair Witch Project Austin Powers vs The Mighty Ducks Scream vs Sleepless in Seattle American Pie vs Mo' Money 10 Things I Hate About You vs Tommy Boy Cruel Intentions vs Speed Boyz n tha Hood vs The Crow Airborne vs Dunston Checks In Wayne's World vs My Cousin Vinny Independence Day vs Weekend at Bernies Dangerous Minds vs Free Willy I prob should add a bit more detail.. I'm doing a 90's march madness thing and you guys decide the winners :)
Favorite 90's movie, need answers!!? I'm doing a 90's march madness thing and you guys decide the winners :) Clueless vs Showgirls Can't Hardly Wait vs Jurassic Park Varsity Blues vs House Party Romeo & Juliet vs Jumanji Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead vs Hackers Office Space vs Airheads Reality Bites vs Space Jam Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 vs The Net Encino Man vs Stargate She's All That vs Rookie of the Year Clerks vs Mortal Kombat Empire Records vs The Cutting Edge Jerry Maguire vs Super Mario Bros Ace Ventura Pet Detective vs Home Alone Titanic vs 3 Ninjas Friday vs Point Break Billy Madison vs The Craft PCU vs Silence of the Lambs Singles vs Half Baked Forrest Gump vs Batman Forever White Men Can't Jump vs Bad Boys Swingers vs The Blair Witch Project Austin Powers vs The Mighty Ducks Scream vs Sleepless in Seattle American Pie vs Mo' Money 10 Things I Hate About You vs Tommy Boy Cruel Intentions vs Speed Boyz n tha Hood vs The Crow Airborne vs Dunston Checks In Wayne's World vs My Cousin Vinny Independence Day vs Weekend at Bernies Dangerous Minds vs Free Willy
Drawings for World History :/? I hvae a history project due tomorrow, and we have to draw crap. i was wondering what I should draw to symbolize the following: Mesopatamia Egypt Abraham founds Jewish Religion Hammurabi Law Code Persian Empire Golden Age of Greece Alexander the Great Roman Empire Rise of Christianity Mohammed founds Islam Middle Ages Crusades Genghis Khan Magna Carta Black Death Renaissance Age of Exploration/Discovery Printing Press Reformation Jamestown 1607 Absolute Monarchs Industrial Revolution Enlightenment American declares Independence French Revolution Napoleon WWI & WWII & finally Modern Age. Keep in mind that I SUCK at drawing. Thanks guys! :)
Can anyone define these better ? Totalitarian- Government Fascism – Dictatorial government Nazism- Form of fascism “focuses on nationalism” Nationalist and Racist political system The 3rd Reich – Hitler’s empire Aryans-Master Race 1st Acts of Aggression Japan –Manchuria Germany – Rhineland Italy-Ethiopia Neutrality Acts-Help America stay out of future wars Good Neighbor Policy Anchluss- Alliance of Germany and Austria Sudetenland Munich, Germany gets Appeasement Policy- Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor Quarantine Speech- Roosevelt spoke out against isolationism in a speech delivered in Chicago Germany and USSR sign the Nonaggression Pact-Promise not to fight Blitzkrieg- Lightning war 1st Ally to Fall- France (loses to Germany) Nazis occupy top France World War One Nereo Royal Air Force- Loyal British Air Force Luftwaffe- German Air Force Holocaust- Nazi killed 12 million people Genocide – Extermination of Jews, deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population Anti-Semitism – Hatred of Jews Nuremberg Laws- Stripped Jews of their citizenship Final Solution – Extermination Star of David Kristalnacht- “Night of Broken Glass” St. Louis- Refugee ship of Jews coming to U.S. for help; sent back and died Homosexuals, Catholics, Gypsies- All killed by Hitler S.S.- Security Squadrons Slum- Ghetto Concentration Camps Gas Chambers- Poison gas to kill Jews Crematorium- Used to get rid of evidence Auschwitz- Most famous concentration camp Japan, Germany France, G.B., Soviet- Allies U.S. Joins Roosevelt elected 4 terms Tripartite Pact a mutual defense treaty signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan aimed at keeping the United States out of the war Axis Powers Who broke the Nonaggression Pact? Germany Cash and Carry- Provision that allowed warring nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their ships Lend-lease- Allowed the U.S. to ship arms and other supplies, without immediate payment to nations fighting the Axis Powers Peace time to War time economy WAC’s – Women joined the military Selective Service- “1st Peacetime draft” Rosie the Riveter- Nickname given to women taking men’s jobs Manhattan Project- Code name for the research and the development of the “atomic bomb” Rationing- Restrictions placed on civilian buying of unlimited amounts of goods, to ensure adequate supplies for military Chamberlain replaced by Churchill Wolf Packs- Group of 15-20 U-boats Convoys Scorched Earth Policy- Burned own materials to have nothing Battle of the Atlantic- Naval/Air Battle of the Bulge- Lost (Tanks drove 60 miles into allied territory, creating a bulge in the lines) Battle of Stalingrad- Named after the USSR, Scorched Earth Battle of North Africa- “Operation Torch,” Allies win Mussolini surrenders in Italy Minorities segregated Tuskegee Airmen-Pilots of all black 99th Pursuit Squadron Purple Heart Battalion- 100th saw brutal combat Buffaloes – Infantry divisions Nisei- Japanese Americans D-Day- Land-sea-air operation in Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, that broke German lines- Invasion of Normandy- Operation Overboard Pat- Leader in France Liberation of Death Camps Germany surrenders Roosevelt dies before V.E. Day President Truman- Authorizes the drop of the atomic bomb Hitler “Du Fuhrer” committed suicide- wife kills herself “I shall return”- Macarthur’s promise to make Philippines come back Battle of the Philippines-Allies Battle of the Midway- Allies Coral Sea- Allies win Iland hoping-Leap Frog Suicide Bombers- kamikaze Hirojima- American flag raised Okinawa Vichy-Puppet Government Africa Corps Anzio- Italian, bloody battle Internment-
what book out of this list should i read for my summer reading homework? *100 Years of Solitude, by Marquez *1984, by Orwell Absalom, Absalom!, by Faulkner The Adventures of Augie March, by Bellow After This, by McDermott The Age of Innocence, by Wharton Agnes Grey, by Bronte Alias Grace, by Atwood All the King’s Men, by Warren All Souls, by Schutt All the Pretty Horses, by McCarthy Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, by Chabon American Pastoral, by Roth An American Tragedy, by Dreiser Amsterdam, by McEwan *Anna Karenina, by Tolstoy As I Lay Dying, by Faulkner Babbitt, by Lewis The Beautiful and Damned, by Fitzgerald *Bel Canto, by Patchett *Beloved, by Morrison *Black Boy, by Wright Bleak House, by Dickens Bless Me Ultima, by Anaya *The Blind Assassin, by Atwood The Bonesetter’s Daughter, by Tan Brave New World, by Huxley Brick Lane, by Ali Brideshead Revisited, by Waugh Bridge of Sighs, by Russo The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, by Diaz Catch 22, by Heller Ceremony, by Silko Clear Light of Day, by Desai Cloudsplitter, by Banks Cold Mountain, by Frazier The Color Purple, by Walker *A Confederacy of Dunces, by Toole The Corrections, by Franzen *The Count of Monte Cristo, by Dumas *Crime and Punishment, by Dostoevsky Cry, the Beloved Country, by Paton David Copperfield, by Dickens Dead Souls, by Gogol Death in Venice, by Mann The Deerslayer, by Cooper Doctor Zhivago, by Pasternak Don Quixote, by Cervantes *Dracula, by Stoker *Drop City, by Boyle East of Eden, by Steinbeck The Echo Maker, by Powers Emma, by Austen Empire Falls, by Russo The English Patient, by Ondaatje Ethan Frome, by Wharton Europe Central, by Vollmann Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, by Foer Far from the Madding Crowd, by Hardy A Farewell to Arms, by Hemingway Fathers and Sons, by Turgenev Fieldwork, by Berlinski Fifth Business, by Davies The Fixer, by Malamud For Whom the Bell Tolls, by Hemingway Frankenstein, by Shelley The Gathering, by Enright Germinal, by Zola A Gesture Life, by Chang-rae Lee Gilead, by Robinson The God of Small Things, by Roy The Good Earth, by Buck The Good Soldier, by Ford *The Grapes of Wrath, by Steinbeck The Gravedigger’s Daughter, by Oates *Great Expectations, by Dickens Great Fire, by Hazzard Gulliver’s Travels, by Swift A Handful of Dust, by Waugh Hard Times, by Dickens The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, by McCullers The Heart of the Matter, by Greene Henderson and the Rain King, by Bellow The Hours, by Cunningham House Made of Dawn, by Momaday The House of Mirth, by Wharton The House of Seven Gables, by Hawthorne The House on Mango Street, by Cisneros Howards End, by Forster *The Hunchback of Notre Dame, by Hugo The Idiot, by Dostoevsky In Country, by Mason In the Country of Men, by Matar *In the Lake of the Woods, by O’Brien In the Time of Butterflies, by Alvarez Inferno, by Dante The Inheritance of Loss, by Desai Intruder in the Dust, by Faulkner Invisible Man, by Ellison Ivanhoe, by Scott *Jane Eyre, by Bronte Jude the Obscure, by Hardy The Jungle, by Sinclair The Known World, by Jones Lady Chatterley’s Lover, by Lawrence The Last of the Mohicans, by Cooper The Lazarus Project, by Hemon Les Liaisons Dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons), by Laclos Les Misérable, by Hugo *Life of Pi, by Martel Light in August, by Faulkner *Lolita, by Nabokov Look at Me, by Egan Love in the Time of Cholera, by Marquez Love Medicine, by Erdrich Mansfield Park, by Austen March, by Brooks The March, by Doctorow *The Master Butchers Singing Club, by Erdrich The Mayor of Casterbridge, by Hardy Middle Passage, by Johnson Middlemarch, by Eliot *Middlesex, by Eugenides Moby-Dick, by Melville Moll Flanders, by Defoe Moonstone, by Collins Mrs. Dalloway, by Woolf My Ántonia, by Cather *The Namesake, by Lahiri Nana, by Zola Native Son, by Wright Native Speaker, by Chang-rae Lee Never Let Me Go, by Ishiguro Nicholas Nickleby, by Dickens Northanger Abbey, by Austen O Pioneers!, by Cather Obasan, by Kogawa A Passage to India, by Forster People of the Book, by Brooks Pére Goriot, by Balzac Persuasion, by Austen Plague of Doves, by Erdrich The Plot against America, by Roth *The Poisonwood Bible, by Kingsolver The Power and the Glory, by Greene *A Prayer for Owen Meany, by Irving Ragtime, by Doctorow The Remains of the Day, by Ishiguro Reservation Blues, by Alexie The Return of the Native, by Hardy *The Road, by McCarthy Robber Bride, by Atwood A Room with a View, by Forster Saint Maybe, by Tyler *The Scarlet Letter, by Hawthorne The Sea, by Banville Sense and Sensibility, by Austen Shadow Country, by Matthiessen The Shipping News, by Proulx Silas Marner, by Eliot Sister Carrie, by Dreiser Snow, by Pamuk Song of Solomon, by Morrison Song Yet Sung, by McBride Sons and Lovers, by Lawrence Sophie’s Choice, by Styron The Sound and the Fury, by Faulkner The Stone Diaries, by Shields *The Sun Also Rises, by Hemingway The Sweet Hereafter, by Banks *A T the astricks are what other people have read and done their impromptu on
Which classic book should I read? Novels *100 Years of Solitude, by Marquez *1984, by Orwell Absalom, Absalom!, by Faulkner The Adventures of Augie March, by Bellow After This, by McDermott The Age of Innocence, by Wharton Agnes Grey, by Bronte Alias Grace, by Atwood All the King’s Men, by Warren All Souls, by Schutt All the Pretty Horses, by McCarthy Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, by Chabon American Pastoral, by Roth An American Tragedy, by Dreiser Amsterdam, by McEwan *Anna Karenina, by Tolstoy As I Lay Dying, by Faulkner Babbitt, by Lewis The Beautiful and Damned, by Fitzgerald *Bel Canto, by Patchett *Beloved, by Morrison *Black Boy, by Wright Bleak House, by Dickens Bless Me Ultima, by Anaya *The Blind Assassin, by Atwood The Bonesetter’s Daughter, by Tan Brave New World, by Huxley Brick Lane, by Ali Brideshead Revisited, by Waugh Bridge of Sighs, by Russo The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, by Diaz Catch 22, by Heller Ceremony, by Silko Clear Light of Day, by Desai Cloudsplitter, by Banks Cold Mountain, by Frazier The Color Purple, by Walker *A Confederacy of Dunces, by Toole The Corrections, by Franzen *The Count of Monte Cristo, by Dumas *Crime and Punishment, by Dostoevsky Cry, the Beloved Country, by Paton David Copperfield, by Dickens Dead Souls, by Gogol Death in Venice, by Mann The Deerslayer, by Cooper Doctor Zhivago, by Pasternak Don Quixote, by Cervantes *Dracula, by Stoker *Drop City, by Boyle East of Eden, by Steinbeck The Echo Maker, by Powers Emma, by Austen Empire Falls, by Russo The English Patient, by Ondaatje Ethan Frome, by Wharton Europe Central, by Vollmann Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, by Foer Far from the Madding Crowd, by Hardy A Farewell to Arms, by Hemingway Fathers and Sons, by Turgenev Fieldwork, by Berlinski Fifth Business, by Davies The Fixer, by Malamud For Whom the Bell Tolls, by Hemingway Frankenstein, by Shelley The Gathering, by Enright Germinal, by Zola A Gesture Life, by Chang-rae Lee Gilead, by Robinson The God of Small Things, by Roy The Good Earth, by Buck The Good Soldier, by Ford *The Grapes of Wrath, by Steinbeck The Gravedigger’s Daughter, by Oates *Great Expectations, by Dickens Great Fire, by Hazzard Gulliver’s Travels, by Swift A Handful of Dust, by Waugh Hard Times, by Dickens The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, by McCullers The Heart of the Matter, by Greene Henderson and the Rain King, by Bellow The Hours, by Cunningham House Made of Dawn, by Momaday The House of Mirth, by Wharton The House of Seven Gables, by Hawthorne The House on Mango Street, by Cisneros Howards End, by Forster *The Hunchback of Notre Dame, by Hugo The Idiot, by Dostoevsky In Country, by Mason In the Country of Men, by Matar *In the Lake of the Woods, by O’Brien In the Time of Butterflies, by Alvarez Inferno, by Dante The Inheritance of Loss, by Desai Intruder in the Dust, by Faulkner Invisible Man, by Ellison Ivanhoe, by Scott *Jane Eyre, by Bronte Jude the Obscure, by Hardy The Jungle, by Sinclair The Known World, by Jones Lady Chatterley’s Lover, by Lawrence The Last of the Mohicans, by Cooper The Lazarus Project, by Hemon Les Liaisons Dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons), by Laclos Les Misérable, by Hugo *Life of Pi, by Martel Light in August, by Faulkner *Lolita, by Nabokov Look at Me, by Egan Love in the Time of Cholera, by Marquez Love Medicine, by Erdrich Mansfield Park, by Austen March, by Brooks The March, by Doctorow *The Master Butchers Singing Club, by Erdrich The Mayor of Casterbridge, by Hardy Middle Passage, by Johnson Middlemarch, by Eliot *Middlesex, by Eugenides Moby-Dick, by Melville Moll Flanders, by Defoe Moonstone, by Collins Mrs. Dalloway, by Woolf My Ántonia, by Cather *The Namesake, by Lahiri Nana, by Zola Native Son, by Wright Native Speaker, by Chang-rae Lee Never Let Me Go, by Ishiguro Nicholas Nickleby, by Dickens Northanger Abbey, by Austen O Pioneers!, by Cather Obasan, by Kogawa A Passage to India, by Forster People of the Book, by Brooks Pére Goriot, by Balzac Persuasion, by Austen Plague of Doves, by Erdrich The Plot against America, by Roth *The Poisonwood Bible, by Kingsolver The Power and the Glory, by Greene *A Prayer for Owen Meany, by Irving Ragtime, by Doctorow The Remains of the Day, by Ishiguro Reservation Blues, by Alexie The Return of the Native, by Hardy *The Road, by McCarthy Robber Bride, by Atwood A Room with a View, by Forster Saint Maybe, by Tyler *The Scarlet Letter, by Hawthorne The Sea, by Banville Sense and Sensibility, by Austen Shadow Country, by Matthiessen The Shipping News, by Proulx Silas Marner, by Eliot Sister Carrie, by Dreiser Snow, by Pamuk Song of Solomon, by Morrison Song Yet Sung, by McBride Sons and Lovers, by Lawrence Sophie’s Choice, by Styron The Sound and the Fury, by Faulkner The Stone Diaries, by Shields *The Sun Also Rises, by Hemingway The Sweet Hereafter, by Ban
History help please!? 2. Why is the Battle of Stalingrad considered the turning point in the war on the Eastern Front? (Points: 1) Hitler�s advance on the Eastern Front was halted. Russia�s air force destroyed almost all of the German troops. The Western Allied nations joined forces with Russia. Hitler ordered his army to fight on and not surrender. 3. What geographical factor added to German losses at Stalingrad? (Points: 1) hot, dry desert winds harsh winter monsoon rains mountainous terrain 4. Who made the decision to use the atomic bomb? (Points: 1) Dwight D. Eisenhower Franklin D. Roosevelt Douglas MacArthur Harry Truman 5. Which of the following is not true about Albert Einstein? (Points: 1) His formula E = mc2 led scientists to understand that splitting a uranium atom resulted in the release of extraordinary amounts of energy. He wrote to Franklin Roosevelt, urging that the United States start working to build an atomic bomb before the Germans could do so. He led the Manhattan Project, a program to create and test the atomic bomb. He left Germany, never to return, and became an American citizen. 6. Who was Douglas MacArthur? (Points: 1) He was the commander of U.S. operations in the Pacific. He commanded the operation that helped defeat the Axis Powers in Africa. He helped defeat the Axis Powers in the west by organizing the invasion of Normandy. He commanded the Allied forces in Russia during the Battle of Stalingrad. 7. What strategy did the United States pursue in waging war against Japan? (Points: 1) stalling the Japanese until the Soviets could attack Manchuria “island hopping,” moving toward Japan by taking one island at a time fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayas heavy air strikes on the mainland of Japan using Kamikaze pilots 8. Who commanded the cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second western front in Europe? (Points: 1) Douglas MacArthur Erwin Rommel Bernard Montgomery Dwight D. Eisenhower 9. What was Hitler’s “Final Solution” to the Jewish problem? (Points: 1) deporting Jews to the United States exterminating all European Jews isolating Jews from other Europeans by placing them in ghettos creating a Jewish master race 10. Which of the following is not true about the state of the world at the end of World War II? (Points: 1) Cities across much of Europe and Asia lay in ruins. Millions of civilians were left hungry and homeless. Britain still had its empire, but it was battered and exhausted. The Soviet Union emerged as the world’s richest, most powerful nation. 11. Who were the British commander and the German commander at the Battle of El Alamein? (Points: 1) Montgomery and Rommel MacArthur and Montgomery Eisenhower and Rommel MacArthur and Rommel 12. What is D-day? (Points: 1) the day the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Nagasaki the day the United States entered the war in Europe the day the Allies launched a massive assault on Nazi-occupied France the day the Allied troops marched into Paris 13. The Nazi�s systematic murder of European Jews and others is known as the __________. (Points: 1) blitzkrieg Holocaust lebensraum persecution
help please. [10 points to correct answers] a.s.a.p? 2. Why is the Battle of Stalingrad considered the turning point in the war on the Eastern Front? Choose the best answer. (Points: 1) Hitler’s advance on the Eastern Front was halted. Russia’s air force destroyed almost all of the German troops. The Western Allied nations joined forces with Russia. Hitler ordered his army to fight on and not surrender. 3. What geographical factor added to German losses at Stalingrad? (Points: 1) hot, dry desert winds harsh winter monsoon rains mountainous terrain 4. Who made the decision to use the atomic bomb? (Points: 1) Dwight D. Eisenhower Franklin D. Roosevelt Douglas MacArthur Harry Truman 5. Which of the following is not true about Albert Einstein? (Points: 1) His formula E = mc2 led scientists to understand that splitting a uranium atom resulted in the release of extraordinary amounts of energy. He wrote to Franklin Roosevelt, urging that the United States start working to build an atomic bomb before the Germans could do so. He led the Manhattan Project, a program to create and test the atomic bomb. He left Germany, never to return, and became an American citizen. 6. Who was Douglas MacArthur? (Points: 1) He was the commander of U.S. operations in the Pacific. He commanded the operation that helped defeat the Axis Powers in Africa. He helped defeat the Axis Powers in the west by organizing the invasion of Normandy. He commanded the Allied forces in Russia during the Battle of Stalingrad. 7. What strategy did the United States pursue in waging war against Japan? (Points: 1) stalling the Japanese until the Soviets could attack Manchuria “island hopping,” moving toward Japan by taking one island at a time fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayas heavy air strikes on the mainland of Japan using Kamikaze pilots 8. Who commanded the cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second western front in Europe? (Points: 1) Douglas MacArthur Erwin Rommel Bernard Montgomery Dwight D. Eisenhower 9. What was Hitler’s “Final Solution” to the Jewish problem? (Points: 1) deporting Jews to the United States exterminating all European Jews isolating Jews from other Europeans by placing them in ghettos creating a Jewish master race 10. Which of the following is not true about the state of the world at the end of World War II? (Points: 1) Cities across much of Europe and Asia lay in ruins. Millions of civilians were left hungry and homeless. Britain still had its empire, but it was battered and exhausted. The Soviet Union emerged as the world’s richest, most powerful nation. 11. Who were the British commander and the German commander at the Battle of El Alamein? (Points: 1) Montgomery and Rommel MacArthur and Montgomery Eisenhower and Rommel MacArthur and Rommel 12. What is D-day? (Points: 1) the day the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Nagasaki the day the United States entered the war in Europe the day the Allies launched a massive assault on Nazi-occupied France the day the Allied troops marched into Paris 13. The Nazi’s systematic murder of European Jews and others is known as the (Points: 1) Blitzkrieg Holocaust Lebensraum Persecution you can answer in A B C D
world war 1 poster help please!!! ? I have to do a project for my history class on world war 1. We have to come up with an original poster (including an original slogan). For my poster, I have a 3-headed monster (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire) They're in between France and Britain. There are French soldiers trying to tie the monster down with ropes and an American plane is flying by, shooting at the monster with guns. Does anyone have any ideas for a slogan I could use? It needs to be pro-war and I wanted to personalize the message, so if it's possible, I would like it to be like calling them out to answer the call. thanks! =)
HOW MUCH IS ALL THIS WORTH ? XBOX, EQUIPMENT, AND 100+ GAMES? xbox original with skin perfect condition works and comes with cords also -2 Microsoft controller(blue and black) -1 Broken Microsoft controller, "a" button doesn't work (black) -2 3rd party controllers, one has a inverted switch button so if u play games and u want to play inverted click the switch (green and black) -1 cable extension for controller -1 broken xbox light gun -1 remote that allows you to play dvds on your xbox The Following Xbox Games are Included • Rainbow Six 3 • Tony Hawks Underground x2 • MX vs. ATV Unleashed • Need for Speed: Hot Pursuit 2 • Max Payne • Scarface: The World is Yours x2 • Fable • The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind x2 • Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic • Test Drive • Rainbow Six: Lockdown • Jade Empire • Dead to Rights II • Need for Speed: Carbon • Black • Splinter Cell • Star Wars: Obi-Wan • Crimson Skies: High Road To Revenge • Mercenaries Playground of Destruction • Hummer Badlands • Shadow Ops: Red Mercury • Still Life • 50 Cent Bulletproof x2 • Dead or Alive: 1 Ultimate • Soul Calibur :II x2 • NASCAR 06: Total Team Control • Dead or Alive 2 Ultimate • Spider-Man x2 • The Warriors • Madden 2004 • Superman Returns x2 • NHL 07 • Driver: Parallel Lines • 007: From Russia With Love • The Godfather: The Game x2 • 187: Ride or Die • Collector Edition True Crime: New York City (Dented Case) • Lord of the Rings: The Third Age • Shrek 2 • NHL 2004 • Eragon • Doom 3 • The Sims: Bustin’ Out • Dungeons and Dragons: Heroes • Armed and Dangerous • Worms Forts: Under Siege • ThrillVille • Stolen • World Series Poker • Call of Duty 3 • Jak: The Great Juju Challenge • Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith • Rainbow Six: Critical Hour • Ghost Recon • Harry Potter: Goblet of Fire • Grand Theft Auto III • 007: Nightfire • Star Wars: Battlefront • Land of the Dead: Road to Fiddlers Green • Red Dead Revolver • Just Cause • Tony Hawk: American Wasteland • Mech Assault: Lone Wolf (With Bonus Limited Edition Disk) • NHL 2K3 • Heroes of the Pacific • Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30 • Fuzion Frenzy • Unreal II: The Awakening • Starsky and Hutch • Midnight Club II • Halo: Combat Evolved • Minority Report: Everybody Runs • Thirteen XIII • PGR: Project Gotham Racing • NHL 2005 • Brute Force • Enter the Matrix • Alias • Counter-Strike • The House of the Dead (light gun supported) • Mech Assault • Goblin Commander: Unleash the Horde • Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. these are all real games and come with cases THIS IS A XBOX ORIGINAL @Harley, casue i got a 360 @xXJColes109Xx, no there all real
do you know any bands/songs that I may like? Here are the list of bands that I already like do you know any the are like the same or you think that I might like based on my current favourites LMFAO, Releint k, Panic! At the Disco, led zeppelin, Justice, The All-American Rejects, Linkin Park, Basehunter, MGMT, Manian, Black Kids, The Downtown Fiction, Jukebox, The clash, M.IA, Daft Punk, Papa Roach, Three Days Grace, simple plan, Sum 41, Vampire Weekend, My Chemical Romance, The Secret Handshake, Dizzee Rascal, Benny Benassi, Fedde Le Grand, Avril Lavigne, Lil Wayne Hot chip, Does It Offend You Yeah, Pendulum, Basement Jax, I AM XRAY, Fatboy Slim, Bloc Party, barenaked ladies, The Used, The Killers, AC/DC, Afi, The Beatles, Blink 182, Coldplay, DJ Ironik, Dj Laz, Slipknot, Fall Out Boy, Flobots, Good charlotte, Greenday, Guru Josh Project, Hot action cop, House Of Pain, Kings of leon, Paramore, Plus-44, The White Stripes, Air, Calvin Harris, Empire of the Sun, Future Funk, Klaxons, Plan b, Keane, 3OH!3, Boy better know, The Verve, Hadounken!, lost prophets, The Pigeon Detectives, Crystal Castles, Friendly Fires Thanks you =]
Can you give me a gripping introtuction about Cambodian Civil War and do not use wikipedia or an encyclopedia? I have an introduction for Cambodian Civil War but I need a gripping introduction for my research project which I will use for an oral presentation that needs to be 10 minutes and above, but I don't want my audience to be bored from the start of the speech. Do not use information from Wikipedia. I will know. Just in case you don't know, Here's information on Cambodian Civil War from Wikipedia Cambodian Civil War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Cambodian Civil War Part of the Vietnam War (Second Indochina War) Cambodia Date 1967–1975 Location Cambodia/Khmer Republic Result Fall of the Khmer Republic to the Khmer Rouge; creation of Democratic Kampuchea Belligerents Khmer Republic, United States, Republic of Vietnam Khmer Rouge, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) Commanders Lon Nol Pol Pot Strength ~250,000 FANK troops ~100,000 (60,000) Khmer Rouge Casualties and losses ~600,000 dead and 1,000,000+ wounded[1] History of Cambodia This article is part of a series -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Early history of Cambodia Funan (68 AD – 550 AD) Chenla (550 AD – 802 AD) Khmer Empire (802 AD – 1431 AD) Charktomok (1437 AD – 1525 AD) Lovek (1525 – 1593) Dark ages of Cambodia (1593 – 1863) Loss of Mekong Delta to Việt Nam French Colonial Rule (1863–1953) Post-Independence Cambodia Coup of 1970 Việt Nam War Incursion of 1970 Khmer Rouge Regime (1975–1979) Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1975–1989) People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1993) 1992–93 UNTAC Modern Cambodia (1993–present) Timeline -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cambodia Portal v • d • e The Cambodian Civil War was a conflict that pitted the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (known as the Khmer Rouge) and their allies the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, or, derogatively, Viet Cong) against the government forces of Cambodia (after October 1973, the Khmer Republic), which were supported by the United States (U.S.) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The struggle was exacerbated by the influence and actions of the allies of the two warring sides. People's Army of Vietnam (North Vietnamese Army) involvement was designed to protect its Base Areas and sanctuaries in eastern Cambodia, without which the prosecution of its military effort in South Vietnam would have been more difficult. The U.S. was motivated by the need to buy time for its withdrawal from Southeast Asia and to protect its ally, South Vietnam. American, South and North Vietnamese forces directly participated (at one time or another) in the fighting. The central government was mainly assisted by the application of massive U.S. aerial bombing campaigns and direct material and financial aid. After five years of savage fighting that brought about massive casualties, the destruction of the economy, the starvation of the population, and grievous atrocities, the Republican government was defeated on 17 April 1978 when the victorious Khmer Rouge proclaimed the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea. This conflict, although an indigenous civil war, was considered to be part of the larger Vietnam War (1963–1978) that also consumed the neighboring Kingdom of Laos, South Vietnam, and North Vietnam. Contents [hide] 1 Setting the stage (1968–1970) 1.1 Background 1.2 Revolt in Battambang 1.3 Communist regroupment 1.4 Operation Menu 2 Overthrow of Sihanouk (1970) 2.1 Lon Nol coup 2.2 Massacre of the Vietnamese 2.3 FUNK and GRUNK 3 Widening war (1970–197) 3.1 Opposing sides 3.2 Cambodian incursion 3.3 Chenla II 4 Agony of the Khmer Republic (1971–1973) 4.1 Struggling to survive 4.2 Shape of things to come 4.3 Fall of Phnom Penh 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References [edit] Setting the stage (1968–1970) [edit] Background For more details on the rule of Prince Sihanouk, see Cambodia under Sihanouk (1957–1970). For more details on the PAVN/NLF logistical system, see Sihanouk Trail. During the early to mid-1960s, Prince Norodom Sihanouk's leftist policies had protected his nation from the turmoil that engulfed Laos and South Vietnam.[2] Neither the People's Republic of China (PRC) nor North Vietnam disputed Sihanouk's claim to represent "progressive" political policies and the leadership of the prince's domestic leftist opposition, the Prachea Chon Party, had been integrated into the government.[3] On 3 May 1965, Sihanouk broke diplomatic relations with the U.S., ended the flow of American aid, and turned to the PRC and the Soviet Union for economic and military assistance.[3] By the late 1960s, Sihanouk's delicate domestic and foreign policy balancing act was beginning to go awry
answer da question below plz? in a time of crisis, the building of an expensive skyscraper such as the Empire State Building might have been wasteful. Instead, many Americans found it inspiring. What might account for this view of the project? please answer this question
Will good win out over evil .... has it ever ? Will it in the future ? America the good ? Nope . Torture biochemical warfare and the largest prison population in the world along with a political structure that is owned by bankers -------------------------- The British Empire ? Nope -- but they like the Americans won a lot more then they lost Nazis lost --- yes yes --But their top scientists ended up working for the US and Russia -- Mind control and propulsion scientists were stolen under project paperclip in the US .... Russia was no better Europe Canada China Oceania ? Maybe they aren't as evil --- but they aren't "good" either -------------------------------------------------------------- Has good ever won on this planet ? Or has it been the lesser of two evils which has won if we were lucky ? ----------------------------------- Will good win out over evil .... has it ever ? Will it in the future ? Will the religious claim that good can not win until Jesus comes back ? If so ---- then does that mean that only the lesser of 2 evils has won or is capable of winning again IF we are lucky ? Where does that leave nations like the US and Israel --- Just less evil than ( enter nation here) ?
Hi im a teacher and I would like to make a test for my students please help.? I would like 18 questions total 2 questions per topic True or false questions with correct answers. Manifest Destiny Rationale for Expansion Andrew Jackson Western Culture People Developments "Wild West" Settling the West Railroads The Mining Industry Native Americans Reservation Policies Trail of Tears Wars End of Resistance Assimilation Reconstruction Carpetbaggers and scalawags Freedmen’s Bureau Southern Economy Agriculture Segregation Discrimination in the Supreme Court Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but Equal Jim Crow Laws Loss of Civil Rights Fighting Back Ida B. Wells Booker T. Washington W. E. B. Du Bois Industrial Revolution Expanding industry Inventors The Gilded Age Laissez-Faire Capitalism Corruption Concentrated Wealth Business Empires Oil Steel Electricity Too Much Expansion Monopolies Robber Barons Thinkers and Philosophies Rags to Riches American Dream Horatio Alger Myth Social Darwinism Politics of the Gilded Age Billion Dollar Congress Laissez-Faire Capitalism Populist Rise Centennial Celebration Philadelphia in 1876 Changes in Agriculture Affect of technology Immigration "Old" v. "New" Ellis Island Urbanization Population Shift Technology Skyscrapers, streetcars Urban Culture Ethnic Neighborhoods Five Points Private v. Public Boss and Machine Politics Suffering Family Values Gangs Social Response Social Gospel Henry George Hull House The New Working Class African Americans Women and Children Working Conditions Safety Violations Workforce Discontent Monotonous repetitions Instability Wages Labor Warfare Employer: Black lists, lockouts, yellow-dog Employee: Knights of Labor, strikes (Pullman) Progressive Philosophy Middle Class Charles Darwin Origins of Species John Dewey Progressive Programs Conservation Movement Prohibition Inspections Settlement Houses Progressive Presidents and Muckrakers Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Muckraking Upton St. Clair The Jungle (1906) Minorities during Progressivism Civil Rights The New Imperialism International Darwinism Alaska and Hawaii annexation White Man’s Burden Spanish American War Cause and Effect Philippines and Cuba Panama Canal Building Project Recent Handover Issues in Asia China: Boxer Rebellion Japan: "Gentleman’s Agreement" Values Education Science Arts Realism and Naturalism Literature F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Jazz Popular Culture Press Great Fire − Chicago Earthquake − San Francisco Titanic Girl Scouts Sports
Did you know 0f 'The Project' as defined in Wikipedia re the planned takeover of the West by Jihad? What's also serious is the fact that our 'Homeland Security' is too busy prosecuting our border patrol agentss that there are 1200 terrorist groups in 150 cities in the US. They have weapons and one lady reported that in her neighborhood they had an American stand out front as guard while they were in the back woods doing something. Another caller said the FBI knows about them. Since 9/11 catastrophe what's up w/this deal? httP://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/the_project.. Bridgit Gabriel website 'Jihad Inc:A Guide to...' Steven Emerson 'Nemesis: the Fall of the American Empire' C Johnson
euro-arab block of the antichrist empire? COME, LORD JESUS, ================= FRENCH PRESIDENT NICOLAS SARKOZY HAS SET UP THE EURO-ARAB BLOCK WHICH HAS A BILLION PEOPLE. 500,000,000 EUROPEANS FROM 27 NATIONS AND 400,000,000 ARABS FROM 22 ARAB LEAQUE NATIONS WILL GIVE YOU A BILLION PEOPLE. EUROPE WILL CONTROL ALL THE ARAB OIL AND AMERICAN WILL FACE BLACKMAIL FROM THEM. DO NOT MENTION RUSSIA BECAUSE SHE WILL COMMIT SUICIDE IN ISRAEL LIKE A DRUNKEN. IT IS STRANGE THAT HE IS SETTING UP THIS EUROARAB BLOCK FOR THE EUROPEAN ANTICHRIST. FRENCH PRESIDENT NICOLAS SARKOZY IS THE REINCANATION OF AUGUSTA CAESAR THE ADOPTED SON OF JULIUS CAESAR. KING JUAN CARLOS OF SPAIN IS THE REINCARNATION OF JULIUS CAESAR. KING JUAN CARLOS IS THE FUTURE EMPEROR OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. KING JUAN CARLOS IS THE ANTICHRIST. NOW THAT YOU KNOW THE TRUTH, WHAT PRESIDENT NICOLAS SARKOZY IS DOING IS TO PREPARE THE WAY FOR THE ANTICHRIST TO TAKE THE WHOLE WORLD BY STORM. EVENTUALLY ALL UNITED NATIONS MEMBERS WILL JOIN THIS EURO-ARAB BLOC AGAINST THE VATICAN? THE BIBLE MENTION ABOUT THE WORLD VERSE THE CHURCH. THE BIBLE MENTION THAT ISRAEL WILL SIGN A 7 YEARS AGREEMENT WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION AFTER THE RUSSIAN ARMY DEFEAT IN ISRAEL. SO IT IS COMING TRUE RIGHT BEFORE YOUR EYES. THIS WORLD IS COMING TO AN END. RUSSIAN RED ARMY PLAN TO INVADE ISRAEL AND LATER THE ANTICHRIST WILL GRAP POWER IN EUROPE. LASTEST NEWS IS THAT RUSSIAN HAS WARN AMERICAN THAT IT WILL RETALIATE IF AMERICAN PUT ITS RADAR OR ROCKET IN EASTERN EUROPE. LOOK LIKE RUSSIA WILL INVADE THE BALTIC NATIONS OF LITUANIA, LATVIA AND ESTONIA BEFORE INVADING ISRAEL. IRAN WILL INVADE IRAQ, SYRIA, LEBANON, ISRAEL AND EGYPT WITH 20,000,000 REVOLUTIONARY GUARDS INORDER TO CATCH THE SHAH OF IRAN. IF YOU WANT TO LIVE IN HEAVEN THEN GO FOR CONFESSION NOW AT THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. TIME IS RUNNING OUT. THANK YOU. GOD BLESS YOU. MR. ROBIN DONALD. KUALA LUMPUR, REPUBLIC OF MALAYSIA. DATE: 13TH, JULY, 2008. 43 nations creating Mediterranean union ============================= By ANGELA CHARLTON, Associated Press Writer 1 hour, 23 minutes ago PARIS - More than 40 nations home to 800 million people were set Sunday to join in a Union for the Mediterranean, a vast though vague body its boosters hope can nudge this disparate and conflicted swath of the world toward peace and stability. Israeli, Syrian and Palestinian leaders were among those attending an unprecedented gathering on the River Seine in Paris. Coping with age-old enmities involving their peoples and others along the Mediterranean shores will be a central challenge to the new union. French President Nicolas Sarkozy urged nations around the Mediterranean to "learn to love one another rather than to continue to hate each other and wage war." Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said: "We are closer than ever to a possible (peace) agreement today" with the Palestinians — and said he hoped for direct contacts "soon" with enemy Syria. France's foreign minister urged the countries to unite to deal with global warming, growing migration and shrinking water and energy resources. "To do nothing would be a risk. We are fragile. Our world is fragile. Latent tensions and growing disparities are too dangerous for this unstable epoch. We have everything to gain by reinforcing our ties," Bernard Kouchner said to fellow foreign ministers from across Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The ministers were meeting in the grandiose Grand Palais abutting the Seine River. Later Sunday, presidents or prime ministers of 43 countries meet at a summit hosted by Sarkozy and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. The Union for the Mediterranean is Sarkozy's brainchild, originally devised as a pillar of his presidency and of France's leadership of the European Union. France holds the rotating EU post until the end of this year. But Sarkozy's ambitious plan overlapped with European Union projects already in progress, and it was melded into EU efforts and expanded to include 27 members of the European Union, not just those on the Mediterranean coast. Sunday's meeting was seen as more significant for the bodies gathered — the Israeli and Syrian leaders, for example, have never before sat at the same table — than for any immediate progress it is expected to achieve. A draft declaration obtained by The Associated Press shows that summit participants will announce "objectives of achieving peace, stability and security" in the region. But the few firm measures are things such as a region-wide solar energy project, a cross-Mediterranean student exchange program and a plan to clean up the polluted sea. On Saturday, Sarkozy played super-envoy, securing a preliminary agreement between the Syrian and Lebanese presidents that they would open embassies in each others' countries for the first time. Tensions between Lebanon and Syria, which dominated its smaller neighbor for decades, are one of the thorns in Mediterranean unity. Sarkozy made the unusual step of reaching out to Syria, a nation often accused of sponsoring terrorism and undermining regional unity, in an effort to bring it back into the international fold ahead of Sunday's summit. "How can we make peace if we don't speak with" everyone, Sarkozy asked alongside the Israeli and Palestinian leaders Sunday morning. Sarkozy asked Syrian President Bashar Assad for help in easing the international standoff with Iran over its nuclear program. Assad asked France to contribute efforts toward a peace deal between Syria and Israel. Assad appeared to throw cold water on speculation of a possible one-on-one meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert at this weekend's summit. Assad said indirect Israeli-Syrian talks mediated by Turkey could turn into full-fledged direct negotiations — but suggested little progress was likely before the United States elects a new president. On Sunday morning, Sarkozy met with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who had shown reticence about coming to the summit. The leadership of the mostly Muslim country fears that the Mediterranean grouping is designed to keep Turkey out of the full EU membership that it seeks. The Mediterranean gathering will be capped Monday with more than dozen leaders attending France's national Bastille Day military parade as special guests. The new union is to include at least 43 nations, all of which are sending a president or prime minister to the summit. Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi objected to the whole idea and refused to come. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080713/ap_on_re_eu/eu_mediterranean_summit
How should true patriots reclaim the media from Republican/Fascist interests? http://www.nowfoundation.org/issues/communications/tv/mediacontrol.html http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=fascism+in+america&btnG=Search ) Powerful and Continuing Nationalism: Fascist regimes tend to make constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, and other paraphernalia. Flags are seen everywhere, as are flag symbols on clothing and in public displays. September 11 Freedom Walk New Majority Leader: Iraq War “May Be The Greatest Gift That We Give” Our Grandchildren Headstones of soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan are inscribed with the Pentagons war-marketing slogans White House and the RNC are going to make a habit of using uniformed military personnel as props at Republican political rallies, despite the fact that it is a plain violation of military regulations banning politicization of the armed forces. "You must glorify war in order to get the public to accept the fact that your going to send their sons and daughters to die." The inside story of the cozy relationship between big box office American war movies and the Pentagon More... 2.) Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights: Because of fear of enemies and the need for security, the people in fascist regimes are persuaded that human rights can be ignored in certain cases because of "need." The people tend to look the other way or even approve of torture, summary executions, assassinations, long incarcerations of prisoners, etc. Bush threatens to veto $442b defense bill if Congress investigates detainee abuses. Guantanamo Judge: “I don’t care about international law. I don’t want to hear the words ‘international law’ again. We are not concerned with international law.” Rumsfeld to approve new guidelines that will formalize the administration's policy of imprisoning without the protections of the Geneva Conventions and enable the Pentagon to legally hold "ghost detainees," US 'preparing to detain terror suspects for life without trial' U.S. oks evidence gained through torture July 1, 2003: U.S. Suspends Military Aid to Nearly 50 Countries: because they have supported the International Criminal Court and failed to exempt Americans from possible prosecution. US has at least 9000 prisoners in secret detention More... 3.) Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying Cause: The people are rallied into a unifying patriotic frenzy over the need to eliminate a perceived common threat or foe: racial, ethnic or religious minorities; liberals; communists; socialists, terrorists, etc. Congressman: Muslims 'enemy amongst us' SB 24, Ohio law to muzzle "liberals" World history textbook used by seventh-graders at Scottsdale’s Mohave Middle School was pulled from classrooms mid-semester amid growing right criticism of the book’s unbiased portrayal of Islam Rallies planned against 'Islamofacism': Event to 'unify all Americans behind common goal' More... 4.) Supremacy of the Military: Even when there are widespread domestic problems, the military is given a disproportionate amount of government funding, and the domestic agenda is neglected. Soldiers and military service are glamorized. If you haven't seen the Oreo flash animation yet, see it here Bush’s Domestic Program Hit List Bush slashes domestic programs, boosts defense. Arlen Spector calls it "scandalous" Funding for job training, rural health care, low-income schools and help for people lacking health insurance would face big cuts under a bill passed Friday by the House Pentagon to spend 75 billion for three new brigades Three cable channels now feed news, information and entertainment about the armed services into millions of living rooms 24 hours a day, seven days a week: The Military Channel, the Military History Channel and the Pentagon Channel. More... 5.) Rampant Sexism: The governments of fascist nations tend to be almost exclusively male-dominated. Under fascist regimes, traditional gender roles are made more rigid. Opposition to abortion is high, as is homophobia and anti-gay legislation and national policy. It's legal again, to fire gov't workers for being gay Bush calls for Constitutional ban on same-sex marriages Bush refuses to sign U.N proposal on women's "sexual" rights W. David Hager chairman of the FDA's Reproductive Health Drugs Advisory Committee does not prescribe contraceptives for single women, does not do abortions, will not prescribe RU-486 and will not insert IUDs. The State Department has awarded an explicitly anti-feminist U.S. group part of a US$10 million grant to train Iraqi women in political participation and democracy. More... 6.) Controlled Mass Media: Sometimes the media is directly controlled by the government, but in other cases, the media is indirectly controlled by government regulation, or sympathetic media spokespeople and executives. Censorship, especially in war time, is very common. FBI Acknowledges: Journalists Phone Records are Fair Game Report shows U.S. government has been engaged in illegal propaganda aimed at its own citizens and the story gets only 41 mentions in the media Free Press details recent governmental propaganda efforts, from faux-correspondent Jeff Gannon to paid-off pundit Armstrong Williams, and from the demise of FOIA to video news releases passed off as news. also... See a Whitehouse fake news release here (opens realplayer) US seizes webservers from independent media sites Bush's war on information: US editors forbidden to publish certain foreign writers More... 7.) Obsession with National Security: Fear is used as a motivational tool by the government over the masses Bush Aides ADMIT 'stoking fear' for political gain: Bush adviser said the president hopes to change the dynamics of the race. The strategy is aimed at stoking public fears about terrorism, raising new concerns about Kerry's ability to protect Americans and reinforcing Bush's image as the steady anti-terrorism candidate, aides said. The Bush administration periodically put the USA on high alert for terrorist attacks even though then-Homeland Security chief Tom Ridge argued there was only flimsy evidence to justify raising the threat level. Keith Olbermann: "The Nexus of Politics and Terror." Cheney warns that if Kerry is elected, the USA will suffer a "devastating attack" GOP convention in a nutshell (quicktime) Rove: GOP to Use Terror As Campaign Issue in 2006 More... 8.) Religion and Government are Intertwined: Governments in fascist nations tend to use the most common religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public opinion. Religious rhetoric and terminology is common from government leaders, even when the major tenets of the religion are diametrically opposed to the government's policies or actions. Jerry Falwell cleared of charges that he broke federal election law by urging followers to vote for Bush NC congressman proposes law making it ok to preach politics from the pulpit Texas Governor Mobilizes Evangelicals Family research council: Justice Sunday Thou shalt be like Bush: What makes this recently established, right-wing Christian college unique are the increasingly close - critics say alarmingly close - links it has with the Bush administration and the Republican establishment. Park Service Continues to Push Creationist Theory at Grand Canyon and other nat'l parks More... 9.) Corporate Power is Protected: The industrial and business aristocracy of a fascist nation often are the ones who put the government leaders into power, creating a mutually beneficial business/government relationship and power elite. The K Street Project is a project by the Republican party to pressure Washington lobbying firms to hire Republicans in top positions, and to reward loyal GOP lobbyists with access to influential officials. It was launched in 1995, by Republican strategist Grover Norquist and House majority leader Tom DeLay. American Conservative Magazine: One U.S. contractor received $2 million in a duffel bag... and a U.S. official was given $7 million in cash in the waning days of the CPA and told to spend it “before the Iraqis take over.” There are 6 Congressional Committees investigating the Oil-for-Food (UN) scandal, yet not a single Republican Committee Chairman will call a hearing to investigate the whereabouts of 9 billion dollars missing in Iraq Bush money network rooted in Florida, Texas: Since Mr. Bush took office in 2001, the federal government has awarded more than $3 billion in contracts to the President's elite 2004 Texas fund-raisers, their businesses, and lobbying clients More... 10.) Labor Power is Suppressed: Because the organizing power of labor is the only real threat to a fascist government, labor unions are either eliminated entirely, or are severely suppressed. Labor Department warns unions against using their money politically President Bush Attacks Organized Labor: Bush attacked organized labor Saturday, issuing orders effectively reducing how much money unions can spend for political activities and opening up government contracts to non-union bidding. March 2001: President Bush signed his name to four executive orders on organized labor last month, including one that cuts the money unions will have for political campaign spending. Congress and the Department of Labor are trying to change the rules on overtime pay, eliminating the 40 hour work week, taking eligibility for overtime pay away from millions of workers, and replacing time and a half pay with comp days. More... 11.) Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts: Fascist nations tend to promote and tolerate open hostility to higher education, and academia. It is not uncommon for professors and other academics to be censored or even arrested. Free expression in the arts is openly attacked, and governments often refuse to fund the arts. Bush's new economic plan cuts funding for arts, education Artists from all over the world are being refused entry to the US on security grounds. A group of more than 60 top U.S. scientists, including 20 Nobel laureates and several science advisers to past Republican presidents, on Wednesday accused the Bush administration of manipulating and censoring science for political purposes Freedom of Repression: New ruling will allow censorship of campus publications More... 12.) Obsession with Crime and Punishment: Under fascist regimes, the police are given almost limitless power to enforce laws. The people are often willing to overlook police abuses and even forego civil liberties in the name of patriotism. There is often a national police force with virtually unlimited power in fascist nations American Gestapo is here: "There is hereby created and established a permanent police force, to be known as the 'United States Secret Service Uniformed Division.'" America: secret jails, secret courts, secret arrests, and now secret laws Snitch-or-Go-to-Jail bill will make pretty much anything short of reporting on everyone you see for doing just about anything a jailable offense. With minimum sentences, up to and including life without parole. The problem with Gonzales is that he has been deeply involved in developing some of the most sweeping claims of near-dictatorial presidential power in our nation's history, allowing him to imprison and even (at least in theory) torture anyone in the world, at any time Police officers don't have to give a reason at the time they arrest someone, the U.S. Supreme Court said in a ruling that shields officers from false-arrest lawsuits. More... 13.) Rampant Cronyism and Corruption: Fascist regimes almost always are governed by groups of friends and associates who appoint each other to government positions and use governmental power and authority to protect their friends from accountability. It is not uncommon in fascist regimes for national resources and even treasures to be appropriated or even outright stolen by government leaders. Bush Cronyism: Foxes Guarding the henhouse Making Sense of the Abramoff Scandal If Bush's pick is confirmed, that will mean the five top appointees at Justice have zero prosecutorial experience among them. Iran-Contra Felons Get Good Jobs from Bush Big Iraq Reconstruction Contracts Went To Big Donors Bush Wars -- Crooks Get Contracts : The main companies that were awarded billions of dollars worth of contracts in Iraq have paid more than $300 million in fines since 2000, to resolve allegations of fraud, bid rigging, delivery of faulty military equipment, and environmental damage. US Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) lost track of $9 billion "Contracting in the aftermath of the hurricanes has been marked by waste, corruption and cronyism" More... 14. Fraudulent Elections: Sometimes elections in fascist nations are a complete sham. Other times elections are manipulated by smear campaigns against or even assassination of opposition candidates, use of legislation to control voting numbers or political district boundaries, and manipulation of the media. Fascist nations also typically use their judiciaries to manipulate or control elections. Rolling Stone does some investigative and rather exhaustive digging into public documents and says we’re almost guaranteed the 2004 election results were massively rigged Powerful Government Accounting Office report confirms key 2004 stolen election findings Conyers hearing in which Clinton Curtis testifies that he was hired to create hackable voting machines (.wmv) The Republican Party has quietly paid hundreds of thousands of dollars to provide private defense lawyers for a former Bush campaign official charged with conspiring to keep Democrats from voting in New Hampshire. The Conyers Report (.pdf) No explanation for the machines in Mahoning County that recorded Kerry votes for Bush, the improper purging in Cuyahoga County, the lock down in Warren County, the 99% voter turnout in Miami County, the machine tampering in Hocking County Less access than Kazakhstan. Fewer fail-safes than Venezuela. Not as simple Republic of Georgia. The 2004 Elections according to international observers. This picture is what stopped the ballot recounts in Florida shortly after it seemed that legitimate President Gore had a lead. The "citizens" started what was later called "the preppy riot". Screaming, yelling, pounding on the walls, these "outraged citizens" intimidated the polling officials to halt the court mandated recount. A closer look reveals who they really were. They were bussed and flown in at Republican lawmakers expense. Some even flew in on Tom Delay's private plane. More... If Mussolini defines fascism as "the merger of corporate and government power" what does that make the K Street project? Related Articles: "Now and Then"- Part 1 A 3 part series by W David Jenkins III on the similarities between America now and Germany post Reichstag fire Click here to purchase this image on POAC merchandise "Now and Then"- Part II: The Propaganda Machine Now and Then- Part III Hitler's Playbook: Bush and the Abuse of Power It may sound crazy to some, but the style of governing into which America has slid is most accurately described as fascism. Is America Becoming Fascist? Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt The Danger of American Fascism: With a fascist the problem is never how best to present the truth to the public but how best to use the news to deceive the public into giving the fascist and his group more money or more power. Sheila Samples: Freedom To Fascism -- A Bumpy Ride: Republicans don't seem to realize that they are no longer individual members of a coherent "party," but are merely part of a mean-spirited and dangerous movement that is threatening to sweep away democracy as we know it. Germany In 1933: The Easy Slide Into Fascism The Brownshirting of America: Bush’s supporters demand lock-step consensus that Bush is right. They regard truthful reports that Saddam Hussein had no weapons of mass destruction and was not involved in the September 11 attack on the US – truths now firmly established by the Bush administration’s own reports – as treasonous America-bashing. Fascism then. Fascism now? When people think of fascism, they imagine Rows of goose-stepping storm troopers and puffy-chested dictators. What they don't see is the economic and political process that leads to the nightmare. What is Fascism? Some General Ideological Features Hello. You are now living in a fascist empire Neo-fascism in America : Too many people believe fascism is only about goose-stepping, jack-booted Nazis. Too many people believe that American democracy is so strong that fascists could never take control of America. If you are sympathetic to those views, I invite you to consider the possibility that you are mistaken. It is in times of fascism rising that armies of ignorance are once more resuscitated from the bowels of a society bordering on the edge of mass psychosis. The America at the dawn of the twenty-first century is no exception... Republican Party Brown Shirts: "The Wide-Awakes": The organization was known for virulent anti-Catholicism, secretive rituals, and a military-style organization complete with "officers" and units. Harper's Magazine: We Now Live in a Fascist State They Saw It Coming: The 19th-Century Libertarian Critique of Fascism Victims of Creeping Fascism: We are witnessing nothing less astonishing than the demise of the American experiment. 12-20 The ten phases of a Bush scandal. 12-22
Politicians and their Illusion of Power? Take a look a give your opinion:? Critics accuse libertarians of reveling in government failures. Yes and No. No one is pleased to see the destruction caused by government policies, whether small scale, as when a tighter regulation causes business failures, or large scale, as when wars destroy life for millions. The kernel of truth to the claim is this: the failure of government illustrates something extremely important about the structure of reality that most people are likely to forget. It comes down to this: statesmen and public officials, no matter how powerful they may be, cannot finally control social outcomes. If I might offer a summary of a point emphasized in all of Mises's works: the structure of society and world affairs generally is shaped by human actions, stemming from imaginative human minds working out individual subjective valuations, and their interactions with the material world, which is governed by laws that are beyond human control. What that means is that you and I cannot on our own, even if we have maximum political power, control all of human society, and especially not its economic side. Let's first consider an example from current popular wisdom about the manufacturing base. Many products that were once made in the US – thinking here of televisions, pianos, firecrackers, plastics, and bicycles--are now made in China. This has caused a great deal of alarm--all unwarranted, so far as sound economics is concerned. But let's say we have the ambition to change this social outcome. Anyone is free to build a bicycle and attempt to market it to willing buyers. Let's say you rent some property, hire the workers, acquire all the necessary capital, and then put your bike on sale. In order to cover your costs and make a profit, you find that you must price your bikes above the going market price. Maybe you can persuade people that you have a special product that is better than the others. Or maybe yours will sit on the floor. Or maybe you will have to lower your price and you will find that your revenue does not cover your costs, and you have to go out of business. No matter what you decide, this much is clear: you are not dictating the outcome. You wanted to build bikes, but it is the consuming public that decides whether it is in our interest to do so. There is nothing you have to say about it. You cannot make people fork over the money. I would venture to suggest that you will ultimately come to the conclusion that you should be doing other things besides attempting to keep up with other businesses that have lower labor and capital costs and hence can make a profit through selling goods at much lower prices. But let's say you decide that you don't want to bow to the realities of the market. Instead you lobby Congress to tax everyone who buys a bike from overseas. The tax is high enough that you can continue to charge exorbitant prices for your bikes. You make a profit. But at what expense? The consumers who buy your bikes have less income left over for other pursuits, whether consumption, saving, or investment. The workers you are employing are being kept from other pursuits as well, and the capital you are consuming is not available for other projects. Ultimately, you have skewed the entire economic system in a way that benefits you at everyone else's expense. Others have found a way to do what you are doing much more efficiently, but because you lobbied and got your way, society is prevented from benefiting from others' innovations. And how long must this distorted system last? That you managed to tax everyone to benefit you does nothing to change the reality that others can do what you are doing more cheaply and better. Do workers really want to be employed in an industry that is something of an artifice? Do consumers really want to pay high prices just so that you can continue to indulge in your bike-making passion? Clearly not. At some point, people will catch on to the racket, and find other ways to go about acquiring bikes. Maybe they will exploit loopholes in the law that allow them to import bike parts. An industry of do-it-yourself bike building becomes a threat to your profits. Or perhaps black markets will take over. Or maybe people will turn away from bikes altogether and starting trying out new forms of informal transportation. Skateboards are fitted with handlebars. Gas-powered scooters develop a peddle-only option. The very definition of a bike comes into question. Increasingly, enforcement will have to become ever more onerous. At some point in this game, we face a choice. We can continue to impose an ever more absurd and preposterous system of regulations and protections just so that you can benefit, or we can bow to reality and let in foreign bikes for consumer purchase. Let's say your tariff lasts a year or even ten years. What will it accomplish? In that time, vast resources are wasted. Consumers of all sorts are exploited. Capital is consumed in economically wasteful ways. People are pushed around and the police powers of the state grow. It does society no good at all. My point is that whatever the fate of the so-called manufacturing base, there is nothing in the long run that can be done to turn it in one direction or another. The fate of manufacturing is in the hands of consumers at large, and subject to the laws of economics which no man can repeal. It is the outcome of human choice. Now, the Bush administration has thought otherwise and imposed a huge range of protections to benefit its supporters and people who the administration hoped would become its supporters. The result has been to skew the world economy, hobble markets, delay inevitable transitions, and impose massive social costs. What this example shows is that governments are not omnipotent. Many try to be, and no government is liberal by nature. But there are limits. Governments bump up against human valuations time and again. Even in the highly rarified event of a despotic government that rules a population unanimously in support of despotism, government still bumps up against the structure of the world, which resists control. Let us consider another example. Let us say that government desires a strong dollar. But it still wants to print dollars and ship them around the world. In this case, there is nothing that government can do to insure the dollar’s strength against depreciation. Nothing. This is due to the laws of economics. All else equal, the value of a currency in terms of goods falls as its quantity increases. Governments that desire otherwise can only shake their fist in anger. The same is true domestically. The government wants economic recovery before a recession has fully run its course. It thereby drops interest rates, spends vast amounts of money to gin up demand, and otherwise encourages as much consumption as possible. These tactics can result in some short-term gains but it doesn't work in the long run. These tactics deplete savings and capital and weaken the foundation for solid future growth. The issue of the price of prescription drugs will be a big one in this coming campaign. The problem is high prices. Popular wisdom has it that this is because of the greed of the medical industry. The truth is that these high prices are partly a result of subsidized demand due to Medicare and Medicaid, as well as the restricted supply due to patent laws. In other words, the political class is responsible for the high prices. It's true that the pharmaceutical industry is not complaining. In fact, high prices are precisely what its friends in government want to bring about. They may regret that the poor have to pay the higher prices, but not enough to do anything substantive about it. Prices would plummet today if patents were repealed, free trade (including re-importation) allowed, and subsidized demand ended by the abolition of Medicare and Medicaid. But no one wants to consider that solution, so Congress creates ever more intrusive programs designed to control prices, keeping the prices high enough to satisfy the industry but low enough to reduce the political clamor. The problem is that the government can't have it both ways. It cannot reward its friends with high prices and keep consumers happy at the same time. The current system with its large subsidies is only creating massive new liabilities in programs that cannot be funded in perpetuity without massive tax increases that no one is willing to advocate. Absent tax increases, the only answer is inflation, which taxes us in other ways. One way to think about government is as a rat wandering through a maze with no escape. There is no magic solution to getting around basic economic laws. All lunches must be paid for by someone, prices cannot be both high and low at the same time, and all attempts to coerce generate counter-reactions. In short, there is no alternative universe in which the fantasies of politicians come true. But try telling that to the political class. The last thing they want to hear is that their power is limited, that their will is not a way. They are prone to believe that membership in the political class comes with the privilege of shaping the world to their liking. If you read the social science literature, you find the same error at work on a nearly universal basis. Very rarely does anyone come along and say: great theory but it has nothing to do with reality. You are just playing intellectual games. Socialism was really nothing other than an intellectual game. People from the ancient world to the present conjured up some vision of how they would like the world to work and then advocated a series of measures of how to achieve it. Mises and his generation explained that their vision was fundamentally at odds with reality. In the real world, capital must have price rooted in exchange of private property in order for it to be employed in its highest-valued capacity. It solves nothing to say that everyone should own capital collectively. This was the equivalent of pointing out that the Emperor was wearing no clothes. In some ways, what we do as commentators on economic affairs is to follow this model again and again. The other day, a candidate for president suggested that the answer to our economic woes was more regulation. He had it all figured out in his mind. Immediately, free-market economists from all over the world joined forces to point out that his goal of higher economic productivity could not be achieved this way. It was an unwelcome message but one necessary to deliver regardless. The experience of Iraq has provided myriad examples of the same. The US wants to pump oil. It wants to start factories, stores, and commerce generally. But it refuses to put private owners in charge. As a result, all its military muscle has amounted to very little at great expense. It is a classic example of how governments fail when they try to fight against forces they cannot control. Factories in Iraq that have gone into operation have done so without support of the occupying government. And think of the war generally. At the outset, the visionaries in the Bush administration imagined that Iraq was really a very simple problem to solve. It only needed to be decapitated and the magic dust of the US presence would otherwise create an orderly and prosperous society that would be a model for the region. The reality hit. Crime was unleashed. Feuding political factions clamored for control. Production stopped. Society flew into chaos. This was not because of the absence of the political leadership. It was because of the presence of foreign martial law in a country that was seething in resentment against the US. Time and again, we have seen evidence that the Iraq war only accomplished the opposite of its aims. Its purpose was to find weapons, punish terrorism, and bring order to the region. Instead it has fueled terrorism and brought new levels of disorder to the region. Not having done that, the war is then re-defined in terms that reflect whatever government has done: namely to toss out and capture Saddam, In this sense, the war was like any other government program: bringing about the opposite of its stated intentions and doing so at greater expense. Thus do we see the intersection between foreign and domestic policy. Government is famously ham-handed at home and similarly incompetent abroad. No matter how much government claims that it is master of the universe, it constantly confronts forces beyond its control. In all the talk of the calamity of this war, never forget the broader picture: what an incredible opportunity was squandered after the end of the Cold War. The US had emerged as the universally acknowledged ideological victor in that forty-year struggle. That the Cold War was not actually an ideological struggle so much as a classic standoff between two empires is irrelevant for understanding the implications of this fact: totalitarian communism collapsed while the free economic system of the market remained standing in total triumph. The world was ready for a new period of genuine liberalism, and looking to the US. On the verge of an amazing period of technological advance, we were perfectly situated to lead the way. There had never been a time in US history when George Washington's foreign policy made more sense. A beacon of liberty. Trade with all, belligerence toward none. Commercial engagement with everyone, political engagement with as few as possible. The hand of friendship. Good will. This was the prescription for peace and freedom. It was within our grasp. Our children might have grown up in a world without major political violence. A world of peace and plenty. It could have been. But it was not to be, mainly because George W.'s father decided that he wanted to go down in the history books for doing something big and important. What else but war? The US was now the world's only superpower and itching for some fight somewhere. It's a bit like a playground filled with wimps and one boy with a black belt in karate who never absorbed the lesson in how and where to use his fighting skills. And then there was this oil-drilling dispute between Iraq and Kuwait, and Bush decided to intervene. Twelve years later, the US is still there, causing unrelenting havoc for those poor people. Here at home we are given constant examples of the huge gulf that separates government's perceptions of itself versus the reality. The Bush administration wanted to give the steel industry a boost. The administration established tariffs, which amounts to a tax on all consumers of steel. American manufacturers faced a choice of paying the tax to buy imported steel or paying the higher prices for domestic steel. Those who could do neither had to cut back production and hiring in other areas. Other consumers had to pay higher prices, which diverted income from other pursuits. As for the steel industry itself, the tariffs did nothing to help it achieve greater efficiency, which is the only way to deal with more efficient competitors. They only ended up subsidizing inefficiency. Even then, it wasn't enough. During the period of tariffs, the industry dramatically consolidated in order to become more efficient in other ways. Once faced with the prospect of trade wars, the ultimate cost of protectionism, the Bush administration pulled back and repealed the new tariffs, thereby landing the industry in exactly the same predicament it was in before the tariffs were past. As for commercial society as a whole, it paid dramatically higher steel costs, and faced sporadic shortages, for absolutely no reason. Faced with failure on every front, the Bush administration did the right thing and repealed the tariffs. Not that it was honest about the failure. Instead it claimed its policy worked so well that it could now repeal it. This is like a physician prescribing poison and then changing his mind. He can't but try to put the best spin on it, I suppose. But what a beautiful example of the powerlessness of government this is! The Bush administration wanted to save American industry and only ended up vastly raising the costs of doing all forms of business. More cutbacks are inevitable as steel production shifts to other countries and the US finds its comparative advantage elsewhere. Much legislative energy is poured into helping some groups gain favorable treatment in the workplace. I'm thinking here of the usual litany of victim groups as identified according to race, ability, sex, national origin, religion, and the like. Have these laws actually helped the group in question? The results are mixed at best. If you send people out into the workforce with a high price attached to their heads – and the prospect of a lawsuit is a very high price indeed – you only make employers less likely to hire them. I don’t doubt that some people have been helped by these laws, but they are not the people most in need of help. Today, the disabled, blacks, women, and religious minorities go in search of jobs with a major problem: employers fear them on the margin, and, on the margin, are less likely to hire them relative to others, provided they can get away with it. It is the least qualified among them who pay the highest price. A good test case is disability: it is a documented fact that unemployment among the truly disabled is higher today than it was when the Americans with Disabilities Act was passed. Because libertarians know in advance that government policies are destructive, we tend to focus our editorial energy on pointing to its destructive effects. But in our zeal to draw attention to issues others ignore, let us not forget the bigger picture. There are always limits to what the government can do, and the government's destruction is always accompanied by examples of great creativity on the part of the market. Even as government dominates the headlines, private entrepreneurs are busy every day working to improve products and services that improve our lives. They do it without taxing us or regulating us, or making us suffer through tedious elections or political debates. They make their products and offer them to us in a way that pleases the consuming public the most. We can choose whether we want them or not. Consider the success of Wal-Mart. If government had set out to create a volume discounter that made a world of material goods and groceries available to the multitude in all countries, it might have tried for a thousand years and not created anything resembling this company. Even the military has relented and now routinely points its employees not to its on-base stores but to Wal-Mart, Office Depot, and others for the best prices. Foreign development aid is another example. It took decades to get the message across, but today finance ministers in the developing world understand that they have far more to gain through integration into the world economy than from development aid and all the restrictive policies that come with it. Today, as Sudha Shenoy points out, the largest resistance to new trade deals comes from the developing world, not because they don't want trade but because they desire trade without the labor and environmental controls the US demands. The same is true in the area of communications. In the last century, governments aspired to control them all: the phones, the mails, the media. Today, we see that government, in practice, controls very little of the communications industry, despite every attempt to hobble private enterprise. In that same vein, a major issue for everyone these days are computer viruses and spam, which threaten to make our chief mode of communication less reliable. Congress passes ineffectual legislation against spam and viruses, while private enterprise has given us dozens of means of winning the battle. Private enterprise creates; government destroys. That is the great economic lesson of our times and all times. Of course there is one way in which government never fails. It can loot. It can gain footholds into society's command centers. It can punish enemies. It can even indoctrinate people in its preferred vision of the world through propaganda. This is the best way to understand the public school system. It doesn't work to educate but it does work to transfer vast sums from the private to the public sector. And here too, we see the power of private enterprise: booster clubs in public schools represent a de facto source of privatization, and the clubs and groups connected to them are the only really successful things going on in public school. We’ll hear much in the coming months about all the wonderful reforms politicians are going to bring us. This is the time when politicians vie for our allegiance by telling all about their ideas and vision for the future. As usual, they will parse their words in ways to maximize the numbers of people who are persuaded and minimize the amount of trouble they get into for inadvertently telling people something they don't want to hear. As an aside, whoever came up with this idea of a mass democracy just wasn't thinking things through very clearly. Nothing runs well by majority vote, to say nothing of the fact that a truly free society shouldn't be "run" at all; it works on its own without would-be masters-and-commanders grasping at the helm. Let me then offer to you my own top ten list of political lies you are told, all designed to make you believe that government should have more power than it already has, so that it can create more of the disasters we are accustomed to: 10. My new program will generate jobs. Truth: only the market generates jobs on net. 9. My education program will reform schools so that they leave no child behind. Truth: the public schools do not work for the same reason no government program can work. They exist outside the market economy. 8. My program will save industry x. Truth: industry must be part of the market or else it is not really industry at all. 7. I won't raise your taxes but I will pass lots of new programs: Truth: all programs must be paid for. 6. As president, I will pursue a humble foreign policy. Truth: nothing in the office of the president encourages humility. 5. This war is humanitarian and winnable. Truth: war is nothing but a government program on a massively destructive scale, and just as error prone. 4. My reform will bring market-based competition. Be on the lookout for this lie, which market partisans are likely to believe. There is only one kind of genuine market, and it is rooted in private property and nothing else. 3. We will secure the nation. Truth: government cannot provide security better than markets, any more than it can provide food or houses better than the market. 2. Government is compassionate. Truth: men who seek power over the lives of others are the coldest, cruelest humans of all. 1. You can't love your country and hate your government. Truth: A person who loves his country loves liberty first. One hundred years from now, the great story of the latter part of the 20th century and the first part of the 21st century will be the vast improvements in life wrought by technology. Consider the web, the cell phone, the PDA, the affordable laptop computer, advances in medicine, and the spread of prosperity to all corners of the globe. What has government had to do with this? The answer is: nothing contributory. It has worked only to impede progress, and we can only be thankful that it hasn't succeeded. Through all of human history, governments have caused frightening levels of bloodshed and horror, but in the end, what has prevailed is not power but the market economy. Even today governments can only play catch-up. This is because of the reasons that Mises outlined. Government cannot control the human mind, so it cannot, in the long run, control the choices people make. It cannot control economic forces, which are a far more powerful and permanent feature of the world than any government anyway. Governments have a propensity to overreach in so many areas of life that their exercise of power itself leads to their own undoing. The overreach can take many forms: financial, economic, social, and military. In this way, and with enough passion for liberty burning in the hearts of the citizenry, governments can be responsible for their own undoing. It comes about as a result of overestimating the capacity of power and underestimating its limits. I believe this is happening in our time. It may not be obvious when taking the broad view, but when you look at the status of a huge range of government programs and institutions, what you see is a government that is at once enormously powerful and rich, but also fragile and teetering on the brink of bankruptcy. Events of the last year indicate just how far the government has slipped in its ability to manage the economy, society, culture, and world order. Despite the exalted status of the state today, the vast and sprawling empire called the US government may in fact be less healthy than it ever has been. A few months back, we had a special speaker come to Auburn, probably the most famous man who has visited us since the Country and Western star Alan Jackson was in town. He was Mikhail Gorbachev, a very interesting figure in the history of nations. He came to power with the reputation of a reformer and instituted many reforms that were designed not to give more liberty to the people, but to stop the unraveling of an empire before it was too late. But it was too late. All his talk of perestroika and glasnost couldn't fool the people, who had become convinced that the Soviet machine was something of a hoax. The empire unraveled not because of him, but despite his efforts to save it. When it came time to make the critical decision of whether to try to hold the empire together by more and more force, or not, history had already made the choice for him. The empire dissolved in the blink of an eye. Not too many months later, he was out of a job, not because he was recalled in some formal process, but because the forces of history had run him over. Democratic governments are not immune from the forces of history that overthrew Soviet tyranny. All governments overreach and no government is permanent. So let us fear government but not exaggerate its powers. It can cause enormous damage and it must always be fought. But in this struggle, we are on the right side of history. The power of human choice, aided by the logic of economics and the laws that operate without any bureaucrat's permission, are our source of hope for the future. _______________________________ Llewellyn H. Rockwell http://www.mises.org/story/1396
Is Dick Cheney calling the kettle black? He says terrorists have visions of an empire. Remember that this guy was one of the architects of PNAC (Project for the New American Century). Read this: http://www.stuff.co.nz/3973080a12.html
Do you truly understand " Neocons" believes? "Neocons" believe that the United States should not be ashamed to use its unrivaled power – forcefully if necessary – to promote its values around the world. Some even speak of the need to cultivate a US empire. Neoconservatives believe modern threats facing the US can no longer be reliably contained and therefore must be prevented, sometimes through preemptive military action. Most neocons believe that the US has allowed dangers to gather by not spending enough on defense and not confronting threats aggressively enough. One such threat, they contend, was Saddam Hussein and his pursuit of weapons of mass destruction. Since the 1991 Gulf War, neocons relentlessly advocated Mr. Hussein's ouster. Most neocons share unwavering support for Israel, which they see as crucial to US military sufficiency in a volatile region. They also see Israel as a key outpost of democracy in a region ruled by despots. Believing that authoritarianism and theocracy have allowed anti-Americanism to flourish in the Middle East, neocons advocate the democratic transformation of the region, starting with Iraq. They also believe the US is unnecessarily hampered by multilateral institutions, which they do not trust to effectively neutralize threats to global security. What are the roots of neoconservative beliefs? The original neocons were a small group of mostly Jewish liberal intellectuals who, in the 1960s and 70s, grew disenchanted with what they saw as the American left's social excesses and reluctance to spend adequately on defense. Many of these neocons worked in the 1970s for Democratic Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson, a staunch anti-communist. By the 1980s, most neocons had become Republicans, finding in President Ronald Reagan an avenue for their aggressive approach of confronting the Soviet Union with bold rhetoric and steep hikes in military spending. After the Soviet Union's fall, the neocons decried what they saw as American complacency. In the 1990s, they warned of the dangers of reducing both America's defense spending and its role in the world. Unlike their predecessors, most younger neocons never experienced being left of center. They've always been "Reagan" Republicans. What is the difference between a neoconservative and a conservative? Liberals first applied the "neo" prefix to their comrades who broke ranks to become more conservative in the 1960s and 70s. The defectors remained more liberal on some domestic policy issues. But foreign policy stands have always defined neoconservatism. Where other conservatives favored détente and containment of the Soviet Union, neocons pushed direct confrontation, which became their raison d'etre during the 1970s and 80s. Today, both conservatives and neocons favor a robust US military. But most conservatives express greater reservations about military intervention and so-called nation building. Neocons share no such reluctance. The post 9/11-campaigns against regimes in Afghanistan and Iraq demonstrate that the neocons are not afraid to force regime change and reshape hostile states in the American image. Neocons believe the US must do to whatever it takes to end state-supported terrorism. For most, this means an aggressive push for democracy in the Middle East. Even after 9/11, many other conservatives, particularly in the isolationist wing, view this as an overzealous dream with nightmarish consequences. How have neoconservatives influenced US foreign policy? Finding a kindred spirit in President Reagan, neocons greatly influenced US foreign policy in the 1980s. But in the 1990s, neocon cries failed to spur much action. Outside of Reaganite think tanks and Israel's right-wing Likud Party, their calls for regime change in Iraq were deemed provocative and extremist by the political mainstream. With a few notable exceptions, such as President Bill Clinton's decision to launch isolated strikes at suspected terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan in 1998, their talk of preemptive military action was largely dismissed as overkill. Despite being muted by a president who called for restraint and humility in foreign affairs, neocons used the 1990s to hone their message and craft their blueprint for American power. Their forward thinking and long-time ties to Republican circles helped many neocons win key posts in the Bush administration. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 moved much of the Bush administration closer than ever to neoconservative foreign policy. Only days after 9/11, one of the top neoconservative think tanks in Washington, the Project for a New American Century, wrote an open letter to President Bush calling for regime change in Iraq. Before long, Bush, who campaigned in 2000 against nation building and excessive military intervention overseas, also began calling for regime change in Iraq. In a highly significant nod to neocon influence, Bush chose the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) as the venue for a key February 2003 speech in which he declared that a US victory in Iraq "could begin a new stage for Middle Eastern peace." AEI – the de facto headquarters for neconservative policy – had been calling for democratization of the Arab world for more than a decade. What does a neoconservative dream world look like? Neocons envision a world in which the United States is the unchallenged superpower, immune to threats. They believe that the US has a responsibility to act as a "benevolent global hegemon." In this capacity, the US would maintain an empire of sorts by helping to create democratic, economically liberal governments in place of "failed states" or oppressive regimes they deem threatening to the US or its interests. In the neocon dream world the entire Middle East would be democratized in the belief that this would eliminate a prime breeding ground for terrorists. This approach, they claim, is not only best for the US; it is best for the world. In their view, the world can only achieve peace through strong US leadership backed with credible force, not weak treaties to be disrespected by tyrants. Any regime that is outwardly hostile to the US and could pose a threat would be confronted aggressively, not "appeased" or merely contained. The US military would be reconfigured around the world to allow for greater flexibility and quicker deployment to hot spots in the Middle East, as well as Central and Southeast Asia. The US would spend more on defense, particularly for high-tech, precision weaponry that could be used in preemptive strikes. It would work through multilateral institutions such as the United Nations when possible, but must never be constrained from acting in its best interests whenever necessary Most neocons share unwavering support for Israel and this support will prove to be our destruction and demise
If the World was so Safe before Bush took Office,How do you Explain this List??????? American Victims of Mideast Terrorist Attacks -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following is a listing of incidents in which Americans are known to have been killed by Middle East-based terrorists. The list will be updated as more information becomes available. The exact number of American casualties is difficult to calculate because of incomplete news reports regarding numbers and nationalities of those injured. The toll from the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center is also uncertain, but current figures place the number of dead above 3,000. The number of dead at the Pentagon and on the hijacked airliners numbered approximately 385. Since Yasser Arafat "renounced" violence in the Oslo Peace Accords on September 13, 1993, at least 53 Americans have been murdered and at least another 83 Americans have been injured by Palestinian terrorism. Excluding the September 11 attacks, approximately 700 Americans have been killed and 1,600 wounded in terrorist attacks since 1970. This list also includes injured Americans since Oslo 1993. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- February 23, 1970, Halhoul, West Bank. Palestinian Liberation Organization terrorists open fire on a busload of pilgrims killing Barbara Ertle of Michigan and wounding two other Americans. March 28-29, 1970, Beirut, Lebanon. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) fired seven rockets at the U.S. Embassy, the American Insurance Company, Bank of America and the John F. Kennedy library. September 14, 1970, En route to Amman, Jordan. The PFLP hijacked a TWA flight from Zurich, Switzerland and forced it to land in Amman. Four American citizens were injured. May 30, 1972, Ben Gurion Airport, Israel. Three members of the Japanese Red Army, acting on the PFLP's bbehalf, carried out a machine-gun and grenade attack at Israel's main airport, killing 26 and wounding 78 people. Many of the casualties were American citizens, mostly from Puerto Rico. September 5, 1972, Munich, Germany. During the Olympic Games in Munich, Black September, a front for Fatah, took hostage 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team. Nine athletes were killed including weightlifter David Berger, an American-Israeli from Cleveland, Ohio. March 2, 1973, Khartoum, Sudan. Cleo A. Noel, Jr., U.S. ambassador to Sudan, and George C. Moore, also a U.S. diplomat, were held hostage and then killed by terrorists at the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum. It seems likely that Fatah was responsible for the attack. September 8, 1974, Athens, Greece. TWA Flight 841, flying from Tel Aviv to New York, made a scheduled stop in Athens. Shortly after takeoff, it crashed into the Ionian Sea and all 88 passengers were killed, including 32-year-old Steven R. Lowe, husband Jeremiah Michel and wife, Kathrine Hadley Michel of Poughkeepsie, NY, Frederick and Margaret Hare of Bernardsville, NJ, Ralph H. Bosh of Madison, CT, Seldon and Etan Bard of Tuckahoe, NY, Dr. and Mrs. Frederick Stohlman of Newton, MA, Don H. Holiday of Mahwah, NJ, and Jon L. Chesire of Old Lyme, Ct; all of which were Almerican citizens. An investigation of the crash conclusively established that it was caused by explosives set in the rear cargo department of the plane. June 29, 1975, Beirut, Lebanon. The PFLP kidnapped the U.S. military attaché to Lebanon, Ernest Morgan, and demanded food, clothing and building materials for indigent residents living near Beirut harbor. The American diplomat was released after an anonymous benefactor provided food to the neighborhood. November 14, 1975, Jerusalem, Israel. Lola Nunberg, 53, of New York, was injured during a bombing attack in downtown Jerusalem. Fatah claimed responsibility for the bombing, which killed six people and wounded 38. November 21, 1975, Ramat Hamagshimim, Israel. Michael Nadler, an American-Israeli from Miami Beach, Florida, was killed when axe-wielding terrorists from the Democrat Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a PLO faction, attacked students in the Golan Heights. August 11, 1976, Istanbul, Turkey. The PFLP launched an attack on the terminal of Israel's major airline, El Al, at the Istanbul airport. Four civilians, including Harold Rosenthal of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, were killed and 20 injured. January 1, 1977, Beirut, Lebanon. Frances E. Meloy, U.S. ambassador to Lebanon, and Robert O.Waring, the U.S. economic counselor, were kidnapped by PFLP members as they crossed a militia checkpoint separating the Christian from the Muslim parts of Beirut. They were later shot to death. March 11, 1978, Tel Aviv, Israel. Gail Rubin, niece of U.S. Senator Abraham Ribicoff, was among 38 people shot to death by PLO terrorists on an Israeli beach. June 2, 1978, Jerusalem, Israel. Richard Fishman, a medical student from Maryland, was among six killed in a PLO bus bombing in Jerusalem. Chava Sprecher, another American citizen from Seattle, Washington, was injured. May 4, 1979, Tiberias, Israel. Haim Mark and his wife, Haya, of New Haven, Connecticut were injured in a PLO bombing attack in northern Israel. November 4, 1979, Teheran, Iran. After President Carter agreed to admit the Shah of Iran into the U.S., Iranian radicals seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 66 American diplomats hostage. Thirteen hostages were soon freed, but the remaining 53 were held until their release on January 20, 1981. May 2, 1980, Hebron, West Bank. Eli Haze'ev, an American-Israeli from Alexandria, Virginia, was killed in a PLO attack on Jewish worshippers walking home from a synagogue in Hebron. July 19, 1982, Beirut, Lebanon. Hizballah members kidnapped David Dodge, acting president of the American University in Beirut. After a year in captivity, Dodge was released. Rifat Assad, head of Syrian Intelligence, helped in the negotiation with the terrorists. August 19, 1982, Paris, France. Two American citizens, Anne Van Zanten and Grace Cutler, were killed when the PLO bombed a Jewish restaurant in Paris. March 16, 1983, Beirut, Lebanon. Five American Marines were wounded in a hand grenade attack while on patrol north of Beirut International Airport. The Islamic Jihad and Al-Amal, a Shi'ite militia, claimed responsibility for the attack. April 18, 1983, Beirut, Lebanon. A truck-bomb detonated by a remote control exploded in front of the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, killing 63 employees, including the CIA's Middle East director, and wounding 120. Hizballah, with financial backing from Iran, was responsible for the attack. July 1, 1983, Hebron, Israel. Aharon Gross, 19, an American-Israeli from New York, was stabbed to death by PLO terrorists in the Hebron marketplace. September 29, 1983, Beirut, Lebanon. Two American marines were kidnapped by Amal members. They were released after intervention by a Lebanese army officer. October 23, 1983, Beirut, Lebanon. A truck loaded with a bomb crashed into the lobby of the U.S. Marines headquarters in Beirut, killing 241 soldiers and wounding 81. The attack was carried out by Hizballah with the help of Syrian intelligence and financed by Iran. December 19, 1983, Jerusalem, Israel. Serena Sussman, a 60-year-old tourist from Anderson, South Carolina, died from injuries from the PLO bombing of a bus in Jerusalem 13 days earlier. January 18, 1984, Beirut, Lebanon. Malcolm Kerr, a Lebanese born American who was president of the American University of Beirut, was killed by two gunmen outside his office. Hizballah said the assassination was part of the organization's plan to "drive all Americans out from Lebanon." March 7, 1984, Beirut, Lebanon. Hizballah members kidnapped Jeremy Levin, Beirut bureau chief of Cable News Network (CNN). Levin managed to escape and reach Syrian army barracks. He was later transferred to American hands. March 8, 1984, Beirut, Lebanon. Three Hizballah members kidnapped Reverend Benjamin T. Weir, while he was walking with his wife in Beirut's Manara neighborhood. Weir was released after 16 months of captivity with Syrian and Iranian assistance. March 16, 1984, Beirut, Lebanon. Hizballah kidnapped William Buckley, a political officer at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut. Buckley was supposed to be exchanged for prisoners. However when the transaction failed to take place, he was reportedly transported to Iran. Although his body was never found, the U.S. administration declared the American diplomat dead. April 12, 1984, Torrejon, Spain. Hizballah bombed a restaurant near an U.S. Air Force base in Torrejon, Spain, wounding 83 people. September 20, 1984, Beirut, Lebanon. A suicide bomb attack on the U.S. Embassy in East Beirut killed 23 people and injured 21. The American and British ambassadors were slightly injured in the attack, attributed to the Iranian backed Hizballah group. September 20, 1984, Aukar, Lebanon. Islamic Jihad detonate a van full of explosives 30 feet in front of the U.S. Embassy annex severely damaging the building, killing two U.S. servicemen and seven Lebanese employees, as well as 5 to 15 non-employees. Twenty Americans were injured, including U.S. Ambassador Reginald Bartholomew and visiting British Ambassador David Miers. An estimated 40 to 50 Lebanese were hurt. The attack came in response to the U.S. veto September 6 of a U.N. Security Council resolution. December 4, 1984, Tehran, Iran. Hizballah terrorists hijacked a Kuwait Airlines plane en route from Dubai, United Emirates, to Karachi, Pakistan. They demanded the release from Kuwaiti jails of members of Da'Wa, a group of Shiite extremists serving sentences for attacks on French and American targets on Kuwaiti territory. The terrorists forced the pilot to fly to Tehran where the terrorists murdered two passengers--American Agency for International Development employees, Charles Hegna and William Stanford. Although an Iranian special unit ended the incident by storming the plane and arresting the terrorists, the Iranian government might also have been involved in the hijacking. June 14, 1985, Between Athens and Rome. Two Hizballah members hijacked a TWA flight en route to Rome from Athens and forced the pilot to fly to Beirut. The terrorists, believed to belong to Hizballah, asked for the release of members of the group Kuwait 17 and 700 Shi'ite prisoners held in Israeli and South Lebanese prisons. The eight crewmembers and 145 passengers were held for 17 days during which one of the hostages, Robert Stethem, a U.S. Navy diver, was murdered. After being flown twice to Algiers, the aircraft returned to Beirut and the hostages were released. Later on, four Hizballah members were secretly indicted. One of them, the Hizballah senior officer Imad Mughniyah, was indicted in absentia. October 7, 1985, Between Alexandria, Egypt and Haifa, Israel. A four-member PFLP squad took over the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro, as it was sailing from Alexandria, Egypt, to Israel. The squad murdered a disabled U.S. citizen, Leon Klinghoffer, by throwing him in the ocean. The rest of the passengers were held hostage for two days and later released after the terrorists turned themselves in to Egyptian authorities in return for safe passage. But U.S. Navy fighters intercepted the Egyptian aircraft flying the terrorists to Tunis and forced it to land at the NATO airbase in Italy, where the terrorists were arrested. Two of the terrorists were tried in Italy and sentenced to prison. The Italian authorities however let the two others escape on diplomatic passports. Abu Abbas, who masterminded the hijacking, was later convicted to life imprisonment in absentia. December 27, 1985, Rome, Italy. Four terrorists from Abu Nidal's organization attacked El Al offices at the Leonardo di Vinci Airport in Rome. Thirteen people, including five Americans, were killed and 74 wounded, among them two Americans. The terrorists had come from Damascus and were supported by the Syrian regime. March 30, 1986, Athens, Greece. A bomb exploded on a TWA flight from Rome as it approached Athens airport. The attack killed four U.S. citizens who were sucked through a hole made by the blast, although the plane safely landed. The bombing was attributed to the Fatah Special Operations Group's intelligence and security apparatus, headed by Abdullah Abd al-Hamid Labib, alias Colonel Hawari. April 5, 1986, West Berlin, Germany. An explosion at the "La Belle" nightclub in Berlin, frequented by American soldiers, killed three--2 U.S. soldiers and a Turkish woman-and wounded 191 including 41 U.S. soldiers. Given evidence of Libyan involvement, the U.S. Air Force made a retaliatory attack against Libyan targets on April 17. Libya refused to hand over to Germany five suspects believed to be there. Others, however, were tried including Yassir Shraidi and Musbah Eter, arrested in Rome in August 1997 and extradited; and also Ali Chanaa, his wife, Verena Chanaa, and her sister, Andrea Haeusler. Shraidi, accused of masterminding the attack, was sentenced to 14 years in jail. The Libyan diplomat Musbah Eter and Ali Chanaa were both sentenced to 12 years in jail. Verena Chanaa was sentenced to 14 years in prison. Andrea Haeusler was acquitted. September 5, 1986, Karachi, Pakistan. Abu Nidal members hijacked a Pan Am flight leaving Karachi, Pakistan bound for Frankfurt, Germany and New York with 379 passengers, including 89 Americans. The terrorists forced the plane to land in Larnaca, Cyprus, where they demanded the release of two Palestinians and a Briton jailed for the murder of three Israelis there in 1985. The terrorists killed 22 of the passengers, including two American citizens and wounded many others. They were caught and indicted by a Washington grand jury in 1991. September 9, 1986, Beirut, Lebanon. Continuing its anti-American attacks, Hizballah kidnapped Frank Reed, director of the American University in Beirut, whom they accused of being "a CIA agent." He was released 44 months later. September 12, 1986, Beirut, Lebanon. Hizballah kidnapped Joseph Cicippio, the acting comptroller at the American University in Beirut. Cicippio was released five years later on December 1991. October 15, 1986, Jerusalem, Israel. Gali Klein, an American citizen, was killed in a grenade attack by Fatah at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. October 21, 1986, Beirut, Lebanon. Hizballah kidnapped Edward A. Tracy, an American citizen in Beirut. He was released five years later, on August 1991. February 17, 1988, Ras-Al-Ein Tyre, Lebanon. Col. William Higgins, the American chief of the United Nations Truce Supervisory Organization, was abducted by Hizballah while driving from Tyre to Nakura. The hostages demanded the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon and the release of all Palestinian and Lebanese held prisoners in Israel. The U.S. government refused to answer the request. Hizballah later claimed they killed Higgins. December 21, 1988, Lockerbie, Scotland. Pan Am Flight 103 departing from Frankfurt to New York was blown up in midair, killing all 259 passengers and another 11 people on the ground in Scotland. Two Libyan agents were found responsible for planting a sophisticated suitcase bomb onboard the plane. On 14 November 1991, arrest warrants were issued for Al-Amin Khalifa Fahima and Abdel Baset Ali Mohamed al-Megrahi. After Libya refused to extradite the suspects to stand trial, the United Nations leveled sanctions against the country in April 1992, including the freezing of Libyan assets abroad. In 1999, Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi agreed to hand over the two suspects, but only if their trial was held in a neutral country and presided over by a Scottish judge. With the help of Saudi Arabia's King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah, Al-Megrahi and Fahima were finally extradited and tried in Camp Zeist in the Netherlands. Megrahi was found guilty and jailed for life, while Fahima was acquitted due to a "lack of evidence" of his involvement. After the extradition, UN sanctions against Libya were automatically lifted. January 27, 1989, Istanbul and Ankara, Turkey. Three simultaneous bombings were carried out against U.S. business targets--the Turkish American Businessmen Association and the Economic Development Foundation in Istanbul, and the Metal Employees Union in Ankara. The Dev Sol (Revolutionary Left) was held responsible for the attacks. March 6, 1989, Cairo, Egypt. Two explosive devices were safely removed from the grounds of the American and British Cultural centers in Cairo. Three organizations were believed to be responsible for the attack: The January 15 organization, which had sent a letter bomb to the Israeli ambassador to London in January; the Egyptian Revolutionary Organization that from out 1984-1986 carried out attacks against U.S. and Israeli targets; and the Nasserite Organization, which had attacked British and American targets in 1988. June 12, 1989, Bosphorus Straits, Turkey. A bomb exploded aboard an unoccupied boat used by U.S. consular staff. The explosion caused extensive damage but no casualties. An organization previously unknown, the Warriors of the June 16th Movement, claimed responsibility for the attack. October 11, 1989, Izmir, Turkey. An explosive charge went off outside a U.S. military PX. Dev Sol was held responsible for the attack. February 7, 1991, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. Dev Sol members shot and killed a U.S. civilian contractor as he was getting into his car at the Incirlik Air Base in Adana, Turkey. February 28, 1991, Izmir, Turkey. Two Dev Sol gunmen shot and wounded a U.S. Air Force officer as he entered his residence in Izmir. March 28, 1991, Jubial, Saudi Arabia. Three U.S. marines were shot at and injured by an unknown terrorist while driving near Camp Three, Jubial. No organization claimed responsibility for the attack. October 28, 1991, Ankara, Turkey. Victor Marwick, an American soldier serving at the Turkish-American base, Tuslog, was killed and his wife wounded in a car bomb attack. The Turkish Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack. October 28, 1991, Istanbul, Turkey. Two car bombings killed a U.S. Air Force sergeant and severely wounded an Egyptian diplomat in Istanbul. Turkish Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility. November 8, 1991, Beirut, Lebanon. A 100-kg car bomb destroyed the administration building of the American University in Beirut, killing one person and wounding at least a dozen. October 12, 1992, Umm Qasr, Iraq. A U.S. soldier serving with the United Nations was stabbed and wounded near the port of Umm Qasr. No organization claimed responsibility for the attack. January 25, 1993, Virginia, United States. A Pakistani gunman opened fire on Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employees standing outside of the building. Two agents, Frank Darling and Bennett Lansing, were killed and three others wounded. The assailant was never caught and reportedly fled to Pakistan. February 26, 1993, Cairo, Egypt. A bomb exploded inside a café in downtown Cairo killing three. Among the 18 wounded were two U.S. citizens. No one claimed responsibility for the attack. February 26, 1993, New York, United States. A massive van bomb exploded in an underground parking garage below the World Trade Center in New York City, killing six and wounding 1,042. Four Islamist activists were responsible for the attack. Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, the operation's alleged mastermind, escaped but was later arrested in Pakistan and extradited to the United States. Abd al-Hakim Murad, another suspected conspirator, was arrested by local authorities in the Philippines and handed over to the United States. The two, along with two other terrorists, were tried in the U.S. and sentenced to 240 years. April 14, 1993, Kuwait. The Iraqi intelligence service attempted to assassinate former U.S. President George Bush during a visit to Kuwait. In retaliation, the U.S. launched a cruise missile attack two months later on the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. July 5, 1993, Southeast Turkey. In eight separate incidents, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) kidnapped a total of 19 Western tourists traveling in southeastern Turkey. The hostages, including U.S. citizen Colin Patrick Starger, were released unharmed after spending several weeks in captivity. December 1, 1993, north of Jerusalem, West Bank. Yitzhak Weinstock, 19, whose family came from Los Angeles, CA, was killed in a drive-by shooting. Hamas took responsibility for the attack Sometime in 1994: near Atzmona, Gaza. U.S. citizen Mrs. Sheila Deutsch of Brooklyn, NY injured in a shooting attack. October 9, 1994. Nachshon Wachsman, 19, whose family came from New York, was kidnapped and then murdered by Hamas. October 9, 1994: Jerusalem, Israel. Shooting attack on cafe-goers in Jerusalem. U.S. citizens Scot Doberstein and Eric Goldberg were injured. March 8, 1995, Karachi, Pakistan. Two unidentified gunmen armed with AK-47 assault rifles opened fire on a U.S. Consulate van in Karachi, killing two U.S. diplomats, Jacqueline Keys Van Landingham and Gary C. Durell, and wounding a third, Mark McCloy. April 9, 1995, Kfar Darom and Netzarim, Gaza Strip. Two suicide attacks were carried out within a few hours of each other in Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip. In the first attack a suicide bomber crashed an explosive-rigged van into an Israeli bus in Netzarim, killing eight including U.S. citizen Alisa Flatow, 20, of West Orange, NJ. More than 30 others were injured. In the second attack, a suicide bomber detonated a car bomb in the midst of a convoy of cars in Kfar Darom, injuring 12. The Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) Shaqaqi Faction claimed responsibility for the attacks. U.S. citizens Chava Levine and Seth Klein were injured. June 15, 1995: Jerusalem, Israel. U.S. citizen Howard Tavens of Cleveland, OH was injured in a stabbing attack. July 4, 1995, Kashmir, India. In Kashmir, a previously unknown militant group, Al-Faran, with suspected links to a Kashmiri separatist group in Pakistan, took hostage six tourists, including two U.S. citizens. They demanded the release of Muslim militants held in Indian prisons. One of the U.S. citizens escaped on July 8, while on August 13 the decapitated body of the Norwegian hostage was found along with a note stating that the other hostages also would be killed if the group's demands were not met. The Indian Government refused. Both Indian and American authorities believe the rest of the hostages were most likely killed in 1996 by their jailers. August 1995, Istanbul, Turkey. A bombing of Istanbul's popular Taksim Square injured two U.S. citizens. This attack was part of a three-year-old attempt by the PKK to drive foreign tourists away from Turkey by striking at tourist sites. August 21, 1995, Jerusalem, Israel. A bus bombing in Jerusalem by the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) killed four, including American Joan Davenny of New Haven, CT, and wounded more than 100. U.S. citizens injured: Chanoch Bleier, Judith Shulewitz, Bernard Batta. September 9, 1995. Ma'ale Michmash. American killed: Unborn child of Mrs. Mara Frey of Chicago. Mara Frey was injured. November 9, 1995, Algiers, Algeria. Islamic extremists set fire to a warehouse belonging to the U.S. Embassy, threatened the Algerian security guard because he was working for the United States, and demanded to know whether any U.S. citizens were present. The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) probably carried out the attacks. The group had threatened to strike other foreign targets and especially U.S. objectives in Algeria, and the attack's style was similar to past GIA operations against foreign facilities. November 13, 1995, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A car bomb exploded in the parking lot outside of the Riyadh headquarters of the Office of the Program Manager/Saudi Arabian National Guard, killing seven persons, five of them U.S. citizens, and wounding 42. The blast severely damaged the three-story building, which houses a U.S. military advisory group, and several neighboring office buildings. Three groups -- the Islamic Movement for Change, the Tigers of the Gulf, and the Combatant Partisans of God -- claimed responsibility for the attack. February 25, 1996, Jerusalem, Israel. A suicide bomber blew up a commuter bus in Jerusalem, killing 26, including three U.S. citizens, and injuring 80 others, among them three other U.S. citizens. Hamas claimed responsibility for the bombing. U. S. citizens killed: Sara Duker, of Teaneck, NJ, Matthew Eisenfeld of West Hartford, CT, Ira Weinstein of Bronx, NY. U.S. citizens injured: Beatrice Kramer, Steven Lapides, and Leah Stein Mousa. March 4, 1996, Tel Aviv, Israel. A suicide bomber detonated an explosive device outside the Dizengoff Center, Tel Aviv's largest shopping mall, killing 20 persons and injuring 75 others, including two U.S. citizens. Both Hamas and the Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the bombing. U.S. citizens injured included Julie K. Negrin of Seattle, WA. May 13, 1996, Beit-El, West Bank. Arab gunmen opened fire on a hitchhiking stand near Beit El, wounding three Israelis and killing David Boim, 17, an American-Israeli from New York. No one claimed responsibility for the attack, although either the Islamic Jihad or Hamas are suspected. U.S. citizens injured: Moshe Greenbaum, 17. June 9, 1996, outside Zekharya. Yaron Ungar, an American-Israeli, and his Israeli wife were killed in a drive-by shooting near their West Bank home. The PFLP is suspected. June 25, 1996, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. A fuel truck carrying a bomb exploded outside the U.S. military's Khobar Towers housing facility in Dhahran, killing 19 U.S. military personnel and wounding 515 persons, including 240 U.S. personnel. Several groups claimed responsibility for the attack. In June 2001, a U.S. District Court in Alexandria, Virginia, identified Saudi Hizballah as the party responsible for the attack. The court indicated that the members of the organization, banned from Saudi Arabia, "frequently met and were trained in Lebanon, Syria, or Iran" with Libyan help. August 17, 1996, Mapourdit, Sudan. Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) rebels kidnapped six missionaries in Mapourdit, including a U.S citizen. The SPLA released the hostages on August 28. November 1, 1996, Sudan. A breakaway group of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) kidnapped three workers of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), including one U.S citizen. The rebels released the hostages on December 9 in exchange for ICRC supplies and a health survey of their camp. December 3, 1996, Paris, France. A bomb exploded aboard a Paris subway train, killing four and injuring 86 persons, including a U.S. citizen. No one claimed responsibility for the attack, but Algerian extremists are suspected. January 2, 1997, Major cities worldwide, United States. A series of letter bombs with Alexandria, Egypt postmarks were discovered at Al-Hayat newspaper bureaus in Washington, DC, New York, London, and Riyadh. Three similar devices, also postmarked in Egypt, were found at a prison facility in Leavenworth, Kansas. Bomb disposal experts defused all the devices, but one detonated at the Al-Hayat newspaper office in London, injuring two security guards and causing minor damage. February 23, 1997, New York, United States. A Palestinian gunman opened fire on tourists at an observation deck atop the Empire State building in New York, killing a Danish national and wounding visitors from the United States, Argentina, Switzerland and France before turning the gun on himself. A handwritten note carried by the gunman claimed this was a punishment attack against the "enemies of Palestine." July 30, 1997, Jerusalem, Israel. Two bombs detonated in Jerusalem's Mahane Yehuda market, killing 15 persons, including a U.S. citizen and wounding 168 others, among them two U.S. citizens. The Izz-el-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas' military wing, claimed responsibility for the attack. U.S. citizens killed: Mrs. Leah Stern of Passaic, NJ. U.S. citizens injured: Dov Dalin. September 4, 1997: Jerusalem, Israel. Bombing on Ben-Yehuda Street, Jerusalem. U.S. citizens killed: Yael Botwin, 14, of Los Angeles and Jerusalem. U.S. citizens injured: Diana Campuzano of New York, Abraham Mendelson of Los Angeles, CA, Greg Salzman of New Jersey, Stuart E. Hersh of Kiryat Arba, Israel, Michael Alzer, Abraham Elias, David Keinan, Daniel Miller of Boca Raton, FL, Noam Rozenman of Jerusalem, Jenny (Yocheved) Rubin of Los Angeles, CA. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. October 30, 1997, Sanaa, Yemen. Al-Sha'if tribesmen kidnapped a U.S. businessman near Sanaa. The tribesmen sought the release of two fellow tribesmen who were arrested on smuggling charges and several public works projects they claim the government promised them. The hostage was released on November 27. November 12, 1997, Karachi, Pakistan. Two unidentified gunmen shot to death four U.S. auditors from Union Texas Petroleum and their Pakistani driver as they drove away from the Sheraton Hotel in Karachi. Two groups claimed responsibility -- the Islamic Inqilabi Council, or Islamic Revolutionary Council and the Aimal Secret Committee, also known as the Aimal Khufia Action Committee. November 25, 1997, Aden, Yemen. Yemenite tribesmen kidnapped a U.S citizen, two Italians, and two unspecified Westerners near Aden to protest the eviction of a tribe member from his home. The kidnappers released the five hostages on November 27. February 6, 1998, Jerusalem, Israel. Stabbing in Jerusalem. U.S. Citizen Yosef Lepon, 17 injured. April 19, 1998, Maon, Israel. Dov Driben, a 28-year-old American-Israeli farmer was killed by terrorists near the West Bank town of Maon. One of his assailants, Issa Debavseh, a member of Fatah Tanzim, was killed on November 7, 2001, by the IDF after being on their wanted list for the murder. June 21, 1998, Beirut, Lebanon. Two hand-grenades were thrown at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut. No casualties were reported. June 21, 1998, Beirut, Lebanon. Three rocket-propelled grenades attached to a crude detonator exploded near the U.S. Embassy compound in Beirut, causing no casualties and little damage. August 7, 1998, Nairobi, Kenya. A car bomb exploded at the rear entrance of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi. The attack killed a total of 292, including 12 U.S. citizens, and injured over 5,000, among them six Americans. The perpetrators belonged to al-Qaida, Usama bin Ladin's network. August 7, 1998, Dar es Sala'am, Tanzania. A car bomb exploded outside the U.S. Embassy in Dar es Sala'am, killing 11 and injuring 86. Osama bin Laden's organization al-Qaida claimed responsibility for the attack. Two suspects were arrested. November 21, 1998, Teheran, Iran. Members of Fedayeen Islam, shouting anti-American slogans and wielding stones and iron rods, attacked a group of American tourists in Tehran. Some of the tourists suffered minor injuries from flying glass. December 28, 1998, Mawdiyah, Yemen. Sixteen tourists--12 Britons, two Americans and two Australians--were taken hostage in the largest kidnapping in Yemen's recent history. The tourists were seized in the Abyan province (some 175 miles south of Sanaa the capital). One Briton and a Yemeni guide escaped, while the rest were taken to city of Mawdiyah. Four hostages were killed when troops closed in and two were wounded, including an American woman. The kidnappers, members of the Islamic Army of Aden-Abyan, an offshoot of Al-Jihad, had demanded the release from jail of their leader, Saleh Haidara al-Atwi. October 31, 1999, Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States. EgyptAir Flight 990 crashed off the U.S. coast killing all 217 people on board, including 100 Americans. Although it is not precisely clear what happened, evidence indicated that an Egyptian pilot crashed the plane for personal or political reasons. November 4, 1999, Athens, Greece. A group protesting President Clinton's visit to Greece hid a gas bomb at an American car dealership in Athens. Two cars were destroyed and several others damaged. Anti-State Action claimed responsibility for the attack, but the November 17 group was also suspected. November 12, 1999, Islamabad, Pakistan. Six rockets were fired at the U.S. Information Services cultural center and United Nations offices in Islamabad, injuring a Pakistani guard. September 29, 2000. near Jerusalem Israel. Attack on motorists. U.S. citizens injured: Avi Herman of Teaneck, NJ, Naomi Herman of Teaneck, NJ. September 29, 2000, Jerusalem, Israel. Attack on taxi passengers. U.S. citizens injured: Tuvia Grossman of Chicago, Todd Pollack of Norfolk, VA, Andrew Feibusch of New York. October 4, 2000, near Bethlehem, West Bank. U.S. citizens injured: An unidentified American tourist. October 5, 2000: near Jerusalem, Israel. Attack on a motorist. U.S. citizens injured: Rabbi Chaim Brovender of Brooklyn. October 8, 2000, Nablus, West Bank. The bullet-ridden body of Rabbi Hillel Lieberman, a U.S. citizen from Brooklyn living in the Jewish settlement of Elon Moreh, was found at the entrance to the West Bank town of Nablus. Lieberman had headed there after hearing that Palestinians had desecrated the religious site, Joseph's Tomb. No organization claimed responsibility for the murder. October 12, 2000, Aden Harbor, Yemen. A suicide squad rammed the warship the U.S.S. Cole with an explosives-laden boat killing 13 American sailors and injuring 33. The attack was likely by Osama bin Ladin's al-Qaida organization. October 30, 2000, Jerusalem, Israel. Gunmen killed Eish Kodesh Gilmor, a 25-year-old American-Israeli on duty as a security guard at the National Insurance Institute in Jerusalem. The "Martyrs of the Al-Aqsa Intifada," a group linked to Fatah, claimed responsibility for the attack. Gilmor's family filed a suit in the U.S. District Court in Washington against the Palestinian Authority, the PLO, Chairman Yasser Arafat and members of Force 17, as being responsible for the attack. December 31, 2000, Ofra, Israel. Rabbi Binyamin Kahane, 34, and his wife, Talia Hertzlich Kahane, both formerly of Brooklyn, NY were killed in a drive-by shooting. Their children, Yehudit Leah Kahane, Bitya Kahane, Tzivya Kahane, Rivka Kahane, and Shlomtsion Kahane, were injured in the attack. March 28, 2001, Neve Yamin. Bombing at bus stop. U.S. citizens injured: Netanel Herskovitz, 15, formerly of Hempstead, NY. May 9, 2001, Tekoa, West Bank. Kobi Mandell, 13, of Silver Spring, MD, an American-Israeli, was found stoned to death along with a friend in a cave near the Jewish settlement of Tekoa. Two organizations, the Islamic Jihad and Hizballah-Palestine, claimed responsibility for the attack. May 29, 2001, Gush Etzion, West Bank. The Fatah Tanzim claimed responsibility for a drive-by shooting of six in the West Bank that killed two American-Israeli citizens, Samuel Berg, and his mother, Sarah Blaustein. U.S. citizens injured: Norman Blaustein of Lawrence, NY. July 19, 2001, Hebron, West Bank. Shooting attack. U.S. citizens injured: An unidentified woman from Brooklyn, NY. August 9, 2001, Jerusalem, Israel. A suicide bombing at Sbarro's, a pizzeria situated in one of the busiest areas of downtown Jerusalem, killed 15 people and wounded more than 90. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. U.S. citizens killed: Judith L. Greenbaum, 31, of New Jersey and California, Malka Roth, 15, whose family was from New York. U.S. citizens injured: David Danzig, 21, of Wynnewood, PA, Matthew P. Gordon, 25, of New York, Joanne (Chana) Nachenberg, 31, Sara Shifra Nachenberg, 2. August 18, 2001, Jerusalem, Israel. Shooting at a bus. U.S. citizen injured: Andrew Feibusch of New York. August 27, 2001, near Roglit, Israel. Shooting attack. U.S. citizen injured: Ben Dansker. September 11, 2001, New York, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania, United States. During a carefully coordinated attack, 19 Islamist extremists hijacked four U.S. jetliners and forced them to crash into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. In all, 266 people perished in the four planes, and more than 3,000 people were killed on the ground. U.S. investigators determined on the basis of extensive evidence that Usama bin Ladin's al-Qaida group was responsible for the attack. The first plane, American Airlines Flight 11 en route from Boston to Los Angeles, crashed into the World Trade Center's north tower at 8:48 a.m. Eighteen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175, also headed from Boston to Los Angeles, smashed into the World Trade Center's south tower. At 9:40 a.m. a third airplane, an American Airlines Boeing 757 that left Washington's Dulles International Airport for Los Angeles, crashed into the western part of the Pentagon where 24,000 people worked. The fourth plane, a United Airlines Flight 93 flying from Newark to San Francisco, crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, most likely before it could hit its target. Hundreds of firefighters, police officers and other rescue workers who arrived in the site after the first plane crash were killed or injured. November 4, 2001, Jerusalem, Israel. Shoshana Ben-Yishai, 16, of Queens, NY was killed in a shooting at a bus station. U.S. citizen injured: Shlomo Kaye. December 2, 2001, Jerusalem, Israel. Bombing on Ben-Yehuda Street, Jerusalem. U.S. citizens injured: Ziv Brill, 17, of West Hempstead, Long Island, NY, Temima Spetner, 19, of St. Louis, MI, Jason Kirshenbaum of New Rochelle, NY, Israel Hirschfield, 18, Joseph Leifer, 29, of Borough Park (Brooklyn), NY. December 18, 2001, shooting on the Jerusalem-Shilo road. U.S. citizens injured: David Rubin, 44, of Brooklyn, NY, Asher "Ruby" Rubin, 3. January 15, 2002, Bethlehem, West Bank. Avraham Boaz, 71, of New York, a dual Israeli-American citizen, was kidnapped at a PA security checkpoint in Beit Jala and murdered. January 18, 2002: Shooting in Hadera. U.S. citizen killed: Aaron Elis, 32, son of Chicago family. January 22, 2002: Shooting in Jerusalem, Israel. U.S. citizen injured: Shayna Gould, 19, of Chicago, IL January 27, 2002, Jerusalem, Israel. A Palestinian woman triggered a massive explosion in downtown Jerusalem killing one elderly Israeli and injuring more than 150, including American Mark Sokolow, his wife, and 16 and 12-year-old daughters. Sokolow had earlier survived the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center, escaping from his law office on the 38th floor of the South Tower before it collapsed. February 8, 2002, Jerusalem, Israel. Stabbing in Abu Tor Peace Forest Jerusalem. U.S. citizen killed: Moranne Amit, 25 February 15, 2002, near Ramallah, West Bank. Lee Akunis was shot to death. February 16, 2002: Bombing in Karnei Shomron. U.S. citizens killed: Keren Shatsky, 14, of Brooklyn, NY and Maine, Rachel Thaler, 16, of Baltimore, MD. U.S. citizens injured: Lior Thaler, 14, of Baltimore, MD, Hillel Trattner of Chicago, IL, Ronit Yucht Trattner of Chicago, IL, Chani Friedman of New York. February 19, 2002: Shooting near Neve Dekalim. U.S. citizens injured: Moshe Saperstein of New York. February 25, 2002, Jerusalem, Israel. Moran Amit, 25, was stabbed to death in Abu Tor Peace Forest in Jerusalem. March 7, 2002, Eshel Hashomron Hotel, Ariel, Israel. A Christian tourist from Arkansas lost her right eye in an attack by a suicide bomber. March 21, 2002, Jerusalem, Israel. Bombing on a Jerusalem street. U.S. citizens injured: Alan Joseph Bauer, 37, of Chicago, Yonathon Bauer, 7 (dual U.S.-Israeli citizenship). March 24, 2002, Ofra, Israel. Shooting near Ofra. U.S. citizens killed: Esther Kleinman, 23, formerly of Chicago, IL. March 27, 2002, Netanya, Israel. U.S. citizen Hannah Rogen, 90, was killed in a suicide attack at a Passover Seder. March 31, 2002, Efrat, Israel. Bombing in Efrat. U.S. citizens injured: An unidentified American citizen. June 18, 2002, Jerusalem, Israel. Moshe Gottlieb, 70, of Los Angeles, CA was killed in a bus bombing in Jerusalem. June 19, 2002, Jerusalem, Israel. Gila Sara Kessler, 19, whose family came from New York, was killed in a bombing at a bus stop. July 31, 2002, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. Nine people were killed when a bomb exploded in the main cafeteria at the Hebrew University's Mount Scopus campus in Jerusalem. Five were U.S. citizens: Janis Ruth Coulter, 36, of MA; Marla Bennet, 24, of San Diego, CA; David Gritz (also a French citizen), 24, of Peru, MA; Benjamin Blutstein, 25, of Susquehanna Township, PA; and Dina Carter, 37, of NC. Israelis David Ladovsky, 29, and Levina Shapira, 53 also died in the bombing. U.S. citizens injured: Spencer Dew, 26, of Owensboro, Kentucky; Zeev Spencer; Harris Gershon; Jamie Harris. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. March 5, 2003: Bus bombing in Haifa. U.S. citizens killed: Abigail Leitel, 14, who was born in Lebanon, New Hampshire. March 7, 2003: Shooting in the victims’ home. U.S. citizens killed: Rabbi Eli Horowitz, 52, who grew up in Chicago; Dina Horowitz, 50, who grew up in Florida April 30, 2003: Bombing at a Tel Aviv pub. U.S. citizens injured: Jack Baxter, 50, of New York City. June 11, 2003: Bus bombing in Jerusalem. U.S. citizens killed: Alan Beer, 47, who grew up in Cleveland. U.S. citizens injured: Sarri Singer, 27, daughter of New Jersey State Senator Robert Singer. June 20, 2003: Shooting attack on a car driving through the West Bank. U.S. citizens killed: Tzvi Goldstein, 47, who grew up in New York; U.S. citizens injured: Eugene Goldstein, Tzvi’s father, of Long Island, New York; Lorraine Goldstein, Tzvi’s mother, of Long Island, New York; Michal Goldstein, Tzvi’s wife, who grew up in New York. August 19, 2003: Homicide bombing on a bus in Jerusalem. U.S. citizens killed: Goldie Taubenfeld, 43, of New Square, New York; Shmuel Taubenfeld, 3 months, of New Square, New York; Mordechai Reinitz, 49; Yitzhak Reinitz, 9. Tehilla Nathanson, 3, of Monsey, New York; U.S. citizens injured: Mendel Reinitz, 11. September 9, 2003: Homicide bombing at a cafe in Jerusalem. David Applebaum, 51, and his daughter Nava, 20, originally of Cleveland were killed. October 15, 2003: Bombing of American convoy in the Gaza Strip: John Branchizio, 37, Mark Parson, 31, and John Martin Linde, 30, were on contract to the U.S. embassy in Tel Aviv through the defense contracting company Dyncorp.U.S. citizens injured: One as-yet-unnamed U.S. citizen (reportedly a diplomat). September 24, 2004: Mortar strike on a housing community: Tiferet Tratner, 24, (dual U.S.-Israeli citizenship). April 17, 2006: Homicide bombing at the Rosh Ha'ir restaurant in Tel Aviv: Daniel Wultz, 16, of Weston, Florida, died one month after receiving his wounds in this bombing. Compiled by Caroline Taillandier, a research assistant at the GLORIA center and student at Tel Aviv University, Dr. Mitchell Bard, and Alden Oreck, Avi Hein, and Elihai Braun, research assistants at the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, and Paul Teller, Deputy Director, House Republican Study Committee. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources: Chronology on Terrorist Incidents 1961-2001, State Department; "Patterns of Terrorism" reports 1995-2000; State Department Institute for Counter-Terrorism Database; Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya; Peacewatch, The Washington Institute for New East Policy; AIPAC; Ha'aretz, Republican Study Committee
What do you think of my essay? Please. i'm just doing this because of school.Just tell me what you think: Roughly, 220,000 innocent Japanese civilians, killed by 2 powerful bombs released on August 6 and August 9 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Leaving those who were still alive terrified, injured and exposed to the radiation of the bombings, forming illnesses. The memory never will be erased from their minds. The memories of tragic lost and the memory of the terrifying explosion possibly dreamt every night. The thousands of innocent children and adults like us die with their whole future cut short ahead of them. The two nuclear bombs were bombed by the United States of America. Initially, it was to end the World War 2 against the Empire of Japan quicker. Japan would have surrendered any moment but there was no mercy. Although the bombing ended the war, bombing convincingly started the Cold War. It was an unnecessary attack. And the President knew it .Without the commandment of the bombing by President Truman; many innocent lives could have been spared. He is the one who commanded the bombs to be dropped. Japan had no allies, her navy were nearly destroyed, she was vulnerable, and her food supplies for her population were low. President Truman wrote in his memoirs: ‘Japan was about to capitulate. Whether or not I was correct in this estimate of when the war would end, the fact that I held this view at the time I made my decision to use the atomic bombs to end this war quicker.’ He commanded to release 2 bombs to end the war quicker. Just to save American lives. But did he think about the innocent Japanese civilians? Although they are not his race nor are they his people. They are human too. These Japanese civilians too, are sufferers under the Japanese Empire and deserve human rights like all of us. It was a selfish, an inconsiderate act, towards others besides his own race. His own general, Dwight D. Eisenhower said ‘It was my belief that Japan was at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of "face"’. Did President Truman stop to think about the innocent people that will be killed or how many? Did he look at the consequences the people will be affected by these bombs, although they are not his people? Did he stop and think the consequences after the bombing? Did he stop and put himself in their shoes of suffering? Although they have a different culture, race, and language, those things don’t matter. They are human too. It was a selfish act to kill the innocent civilians that didn’t do anything. The commandment to bomb killed too many, too many to know the exact amount. It killed so many innocent children and adults. Those children, had dreams, those dreams now impossible to be fulfilled. And maybe that very moment they were just dreaming about their dreams.(not needed) Maybe one of them was going to their first day of school. And maybe there are ones that were just born. Sad isn’t it, these lives cut short? And the adults that die. Leaving loved ones behind crying on their knees. Maybe they had children. And the children have no parents at all now. Maybe there were going to be home together with their family. Bomb 1- Hiroshima August 6, 1945. Bomb named Little Boy. It killed approximately 140,000 people. It was never tested at the Trinity test site. At Hiroshima, severe structural damage to buildings extended about 1.6 km from ground zero, making a circle of destruction 3.2 km in diameter. 3 days later in Nagasaki August 9, 1945. There was no mercy. Bomb number two named Fat Man dropped. Because of Nagasaki's hilly terrain, the damage was somewhat less extensive than that in relatively flat Hiroshima. An estimated 39,000 people were killed outright by the bombing at Nagasaki. Thousands more died later from related blast and burn injuries, and hundreds more from radiation illnesses from exposure to the bomb's initial radiations. Blood dripped endlessly from the bodies, burnt bodies and damaged faces and bodies. These two bombs dropped from the sky. The first atomic bombs created by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the physicist who leaded the Manhattan Project to create the two bombs. Supposedly he wanted to find out whether an atom can spilt and cause an explosion. He with his other scientists tested successfully when they realized their work was for science, but rather to kill tons and tons of people. And if you were him, would you take out this bomb and show it to the government to help to kill tons of people? Well he did, an evil genius, with a talented mind. He himself and other scientists built the two bombs. He and his scientists shocked the world. But they made America happy killing others. His brilliance had helped to unleash the very destructive new “gadget” to end the war quicker. He shouldn’t have created it. He shouldn’t have showed his work and cause greed to kill the millions of Japanese people. He shouldn’t have. He should have known better. He should’ve known that it was a wrong
plz. help me to write the main idea of this article in the NY Times. in two pages.? November 5, 2006 Where Plan A Left Ahmad Chalabi By DEXTER FILKINS 1. London, August 2006 Many miles away in a more dangerous place the dream is ending badly. The bodies pile up. Good people stream to the borders. Leaders pile money onto planes. The center is giving way. The apartment on South Street in London is an antidote to Baghdad in nearly every respect. Where the Iraqi capital rings with chaos and violence, the sidewalks of Mayfair are quiet enough to hear your own voice above the cars. Baghdad is treeless and tan; the South Street apartment opens onto a private park filled with the lushness of an English garden. Just across the way is the Anglican church where General Eisenhower, stationed here as the commander of Allied forces during the war, came to pray. A maid greets you at the door, an elderly Lebanese woman who doubles as an Arabic teacher for the children. The parlor is neatly appointed and filled with art, most of it European, different from the Baghdad house, where most of it is Iraqi. There is “Sketch of a Woman,” by Lucien Pissarro, the French painter who propagated Impressionism in London; it catches the light nicely. The furniture is expensive, the kind that makes you hesitate to sit down. But the place has a lived-in quality too; family members come and go, clutching bags and calling to one another down the hallways. No one seems the least bit awed by the man of the house, who is dressed in a bespoke suit and carries himself like a monarch, and who, until now, hasn’t spent more than a day at a time here since before the Iraq war began. For Ahmad Chalabi, Iraq is an abstraction again. Once again, his native country is a faraway land ruled by somebody else, a place where other people die. It’s a place to be discussed, rued, plotted over, from a parlor on an expensive Western street. Iraq’s new leaders, the men who excluded Chalabi from the government they formed this spring, still call for advice — several times a day, Chalabi says. He is here in London, his longtime home in exile, temporarily, he says, taking his first vacation in five years. At lunch at a nearby restaurant an hour before, he ordered the sea bass wrapped in a banana leaf. He walks the streets unattended by armed guards. But the interlude, Chalabi says, is just that, a passing thing. His doubters will come back to him; they always have. As ever, he wears a jester’s smile, wide and blank, a mask that has carried him through crises of the first world and the third. Still, a touch of bitterness can creep into Chalabi’s voice, a hint that he has concluded that his time has come and gone. Indeed, even for a man as vain and resilient as Chalabi, his present predicament stands too large to go unacknowledged. Once Iraq’s anointed leader — anointed by the Americans — Chalabi, at age 62, is without a job, spurned by the very colleagues whose ascension he engineered. His benefactors in the White House and in the Pentagon, who once gobbled up whatever half-baked intelligence Chalabi offered, now regard him as undependable and — worse — safely ignored. Chalabi’s life work, an Iraq liberated from Saddam Hussein, a modern and democratic Iraq, is spiraling toward disintegration. Indeed, for many in the West, Chalabi has become the personification of all that has gone wrong in Iraq: the lies, the arrogance, the occupation as disaster. “The real culprit in all this is Wolfowitz,” Chalabi says, referring to his erstwhile backer, the former deputy secretary of defense, Paul Wolfowitz. “They chickened out. The Pentagon guys chickened out.” Chalabi still considers Wolfowitz a friend, so he proceeds carefully. America’s big mistake, Chalabi maintains, was in failing to step out of the way after Hussein’s downfall and let the Iraqis take charge. The Iraqis, not the Americans, should have been allowed to take over immediately — the people who knew the country, who spoke the language and, most important, who could take responsibility for the chaos that was unfolding in the streets. An Iraqi government could have acted harshly, even brutally, to regain control of the place, and the Iraqis would have been without a foreigner to blame. They would have appreciated the firm hand. There would have been no guerrilla insurgency or, if there was, a small one that the new Iraqi government could have ferreted out and crushed on its own. An Iraqi leadership would have brought Moktada al-Sadr, the populist cleric, into the government and house-trained him. The Americans, in all likelihood, could have gone home. They certainly would have been home by now. “We would have taken hold of the country,” Chalabi says. “We would have revitalized the civil service immediately. We would have been able to put together a military force and an intelligence service. There would have been no insurgency. We would have had electricity. The Americans screwed it up.” Chalabi’s notion — that an Iraqi government, as opposed to an American one, could have saved the great experiment — has become one of the arguments put forth by the war’s proponents in the just-beginning debate over who lost Iraq. At best, it’s improbable: Chalabi is essentially arguing that a handful of Iraqi exiles, some of whom had not lived in the country in decades, could have put together a government and quelled the chaos that quickly engulfed the country after Hussein’s regime collapsed. They could have done this, presumably, without an army (which most wanted to dissolve) and without a police force (which was riddled with Baathists). In fact, the Americans considered the idea and dismissed it. (But not, Wolfowitz insists, because of him. His longtime aide, Kevin Kellems, said that Wolfowitz favored turning over power “as rapidly as possible to duly elected Iraqi authorities.”) The Bush administration decided to go to the United Nations and have the American role in Iraq formally described as that of an “occupying power,” a step that no Iraqi, not even the lowliest tea seller, failed to notice. They appointed L. Paul Bremer III as viceroy. Instead of empowering Iraqis, Bremer set up an advisory panel of Iraqis — one that included Chalabi — that had no power at all. The warmth that many ordinary Iraqis felt for the Americans quickly ebbed away. It’s not clear that the Americans had any other choice. But here in his London parlor, Chalabi is now contending that excluding Iraqis was the Americans’ fatal mistake. “It was a puppet show!” Chalabi exclaims again, shifting on the couch. “The worst of all worlds. We were in charge, and we had no power. We were blamed for everything the Americans did, but we couldn’t change any of it.” It’s three and a half years later now. More than 2,800 Americans are dead; more than 3,000 Iraqis die each month. The anarchy seems limitless. In May 2004, American and Iraqi agents even raided Chalabi’s home in Baghdad. He has been denounced by Bremer and by Bush and accused of passing secrets to America’s enemy, Iran. At the heart of the American decision to take over and run Iraq, Chalabi now concludes, lay a basic contempt for Iraqis, himself included. “In Wolfowitz’s mind, you couldn’t trust the Iraqis to run a democracy,” Chalabi says. “ ‘We have to teach them, give them lessons,’ in Wolfowitz’s mind. ‘We have to leave Iraq under our tutelage. The Iraqis are useless. The Iraqis are incompetent.’ “What I didn’t realize,” Chalabi says, “was that the Americans sold us out.” Turkish coffee is served, then tea. I consider Chalabi’s predicament: the Iraqi patrician, confidant of prime ministers and presidents, the M.I.T.- and University of Chicago-trained mathematics professor, owner of a Mayfair flat, complaining of being regarded, by the masters he once manipulated, as a scruffy, shiftless native. “I’ve been a friend of America, and I’ve been its enemy,” he says. “America betrays its friends. It sets them up and betrays them. I’d rather be America’s enemy.” And so he is. Sort of. With Chalabi, it’s hard to be certain, and not just because his motives are so opaque, but because he is never still. He is enigmatic, brilliant, nimble, unreliable, charming, narcissistic, finally elusive. The journey to Mayfair is a long one. What happened to Chalabi? Well, you might ask: What happened to Iraq? 2. Mushkhab, January 2005 The election is coming, and we are heading south. Twenty cars, mostly carrying men with guns. They hang out the windows, pointing their Kalashnikovs at the terrified drivers. Get out of the way or we shoot, and maybe we shoot anyway — that’s the message. But that’s Iraq. We move quickly, weaving, south in the southbound, south in the northbound. Very fast. Unbelievably fast. Drivers veer and career. We go where we want. We’re low on fuel, and a gas station beckons. It is one of the strange and singular facts of Iraqi life that despite sitting atop an ocean of oil, Iraqis must wait hours — often days — for gasoline at the pumps. Lack of refining capacity, smuggling, stealing, insurgent attacks, Soviet subsidies: it’s complicated. On the road outside Salman Pak, the line is perhaps 300 cars long. The Chalabi convoy cuts straight to the front of the line. No one protests. It’s the guns. The Iraqis wait for days, and our effrontery brings no protest. Not a peep. We get our gas and we speed away, guns out the windows. Very fast. An hour later, we arrive at our destination, Mushkhab. It’s a mostly Shiite town about 100 miles south of Baghdad. It is friendly country — to Chalabi, and still, then, to Americans. The whole town — the males, anyway — gathers round. Chalabi stands in the center, dressed in a dark gray Western suit. The Iraqis clap and read poetry; some of it they sing. It’s a tradition, a kind of serenade to the honored guest. “Hey, listen, Bush, we are Iraqis,” the poet says, and everyone is clapping. “We never bow our heads to anyone, and we won’t do it for you. We have tough guys like Chalabi on our side — be careful.” Everyone laughs. We move inside the mudhif, a tall, long, fantastic structure woven of dried river reeds, a kind of pavilion of rattan. The room is laid with hand-woven carpets, and on the walls hang framed yellowed photographs of the leaders of the tribe, Al Fatla, meeting with their British overlords many years ago. A pair of loudspeakers are set up in the front. Chalabi takes a microphone. “My Iraqi brothers, the Americans pushed out Saddam, but they did not liberate our country,” Chalabi tells the group. “We are asking you to participate in this election so that we can have an independent country. This is not just words. The Iraqi people will liberate the country.” He goes on a little more, warming to the Iraqis assembled about him. “On my way here, I saw a huge line of people waiting for gasoline,” Chalabi tells the group. “Some of them were there for two nights, carrying blankets with them. It makes me very sad to see my brothers wait for days to get gas at the station.” Shameless, huh? I thought so, too. Almost a thing of beauty. It was so outrageous I almost wanted to forgive him, as a teacher might her sassy but cleverest boy. And that’s the thing about Chalabi: he’s very difficult to dislike. It may be his secret. It was Chalabi, after all — a foreigner, an Arab — who persuaded the most powerful men and women in the United States to make the liberation of Iraq not merely a priority but an obsession. First in 1998, when Chalabi persuaded Congress to pass the Iraq Liberation Act (in turn leading to payments to his group, the Iraqi National Congress, exceeding $27 million over the next six years) and then, later, in persuading the Bush administration of the necessity of using force to destroy Saddam Hussein. And when it all went bad, when those nuclear weapons never turned up, the clever child shrugged and smiled. “We are heroes in error,” Chalabi told Britain’s Daily Telegraph. Almost with a wink. Lunch is served: a long table heaped with rice and roasted lamb. No seats. Everyone stands, dozens of us, and we dig in with our fingers. After a time, we prepare to leave. The table and the ground around it are littered with rice and lamb bones. We re-form into a convoy and speed toward the holy city of Najaf. By the time we arrive in Najaf, it’s dark. The fighting between American soldiers and the Mahdi Army irregulars laid waste to the city only a few months before, but on this night, Najaf seems remarkably calm. The pilgrim hotels lie in ruins, but the golden dome of the shrine of Imam Ali shimmers under a January moon. Chalabi exits his S.U.V. and strides inside through the 20-foot-high wooden doors. A clutch of Sunni leaders, whom Chalabi has agreed to show around, trail in step. The curiosities intersect: the Sunnis are not Shiites, and this is the holiest of Shiite places, the tomb of the son-in-law of the Holy Prophet and the very heart of the Shiite faith. But they are still Muslims, and they are allowed to pass. As a non-Muslim, I wait outside in the street. More unlikely than the presence of the Sunnis is their tour guide, Chalabi. Or it was unlikely. Not anymore. Chalabi, the Westernized, Western-educated mathematician, has entered his Islamist phase. It’s not terribly convincing. He does not don a turban. He has no beard. He does not pray. He does not, really, even pretend. But as a practical politician — as an exile come home to a strange land getting stranger by the day — Chalabi had to do something. Relations between Chalabi and the Bush administration began to sour almost immediately after the fall of Hussein, when the Americans decided against putting Iraqis — presumably Chalabi — in charge. Bremer considered him an egomaniac. When no W.M.D. turned up, more and more Americans came to blame Chalabi for the war. Chalabi’s association with the Americans grew more disadvantageous by the day. The break came on May 20, 2004, when the Americans, accusing Chalabi of telling the Iranian government that the Americans were eavesdropping on their secret communications, swooped in on his Baghdad compound. American troops sealed off Mansour, the neighborhood where Chalabi lived, while scores of Iraqi and American agents kicked in the compound doors. One of the Iraqis, Chalabi said, put a gun to his head. “Look, I think they tried to kill him,” Richard Perle, the former Pentagon adviser and longtime Chalabi friend, said of the American and Iraqi agents. “I think the raid on his house was intended to result in violence. They had sent 20 or 40 Humvees over there. Chalabi was being protected by a force of about 100 guys with machine guns. It is a miracle that it didn’t result in a massive shootout.” No shots were fired, but the break seemed final. Isolated, Chalabi turned to Islam — and, in particular, to Moktada al-Sadr, the Shiite cleric and leader of two armed uprisings against the Americans and the Iraqi government. Sadr is an erratic and unpredictable young man who sometimes ends his sermons with apocalyptic visions of the “hidden” 12th imam revealing himself. He is also the most popular man in Iraq. In the anarchy that ensued following the fall of Hussein, Iraqis, once known for their largely secular outlook, ran headlong toward Islam. Religion and anarchy moved together: the worse conditions got in the streets, the more Islamic Iraqis became. In the three and a half years that I have known Chalabi, I never once saw him pray. Or give any indication that he harbored religious beliefs at all. Mowaffak al-Rubaie, the Iraqi national security adviser and a devout Shiite, told me once that when he and a group of five senior Iraqi politicians visited the Imam Ali shrine in 2004, all of them prayed but Chalabi. While the others knelt, Rubaie said, Chalabi stood quietly with his hands folded in front of him. On this return visit to the Imam Ali shrine, Chalabi and his Sunni colleagues spent 10 minutes inside and exited without saying a thing. But word travels quickly down Najaf’s narrow streets, and by the time our convoy sped back to Baghdad, there were very few people in Najaf who did not know that Chalabi had come. Once, when I asked Chalabi about his flirtation with the Islamists, he answered not in terms of religion but of politics. Moktada, he explained, was not essentially dangerous but merely misunderstood, an outsider who could be coaxed into Iraq’s new democratic order. Chalabi was happy to act as the bridge, and if he benefited politically from his efforts, he was not complaining. “The Americans made a mistake when they excluded Moktada in the beginning,” Chalabi told me. “Our real business is to persuade everybody that Sadr is better inside than outside, and to provide some measure of comfort to the middle class that he is not going to eat them up.” Indeed, Chalabi and Sadr are not as unlikely a pair as they may seem. Musa al-Sadr, the late Iranian-born ayatollah and Moktada’s cousin, presided over Chalabi’s wedding in Beirut in 1971. Chalabi’s wife, Leila, is the daughter of Adel Osseiran, a leader of the Lebanese independence movement. Musa al-Sadr was the founder of Amal, which became the prototypical Shiite party in the Middle East. It seemed like a game, and not one that Chalabi liked to give away. Whenever I asked him about his coziness with Moktada, and how it squared with his own religious beliefs, I usually received a curt retort. For a time, Chalabi — and the Americans — got the better of the deal. Moktada fielded candidates in the January 2005 election, and his militia, though still untamed, fell into line behind its leader. He endorsed something less than an absolute role for Islam in the Iraqi Constitution. By early 2006, parties loyal to Sadr held the largest bloc in the Iraqi Parliament. As for Chalabi, Moktada kept him afloat a little longer. But in siding with the Islamists, Chalabi helped make them stronger than they were, and he threw his weight behind a number of trends that were only then becoming dominant: the Islamization of Iraqi society, the division of Iraq into sectarian cantons. Those trends later spiraled out of control, into the de facto civil war that is unfolding now. Some Iraqis who watched Chalabi then still don’t forgive him — and they think that ultimately, the Islamists got the better of him. “Ahmad’s problem is that Ahmad is usually the smartest man in the room, and he thinks he can control what happens,” I was told by an Iraqi official who worked with Chalabi at the time and who would speak only anonymously. “But these guys don’t care if you have a Ph.D. in math; they’ll kill you. In the end, things went way past the point where Ahmad thought they would ever go. I can’t imagine he wanted that. But he helped start it.” 3. Baghdad, October 2005 Chalabi is standing on the rooftop of his ancestral home in Khadimiya, a heavily Shiite neighborhood known for its shrine. Mansour, the area where he has lived since Hussein’s fall, has slipped into anarchy. The final round of nationwide elections is a couple of months away. For the moment, Chalabi is the deputy prime minister, behind the affable but ineffectual Ibrahim Jaafari. Across the street stand a pair of grain silos built by his father, Abdul Hadi Chalabi. Downstairs, on a wall in the sitting room, there is an old British map dating to the 1920’s, showing Baghdad, which was much smaller than it is now. North of Baghdad, in what was then farmland and what is now Khadimiya, a dot indicates a town. The dot says, “Chalabi.” At the time, Chalabi’s family owned nearly two and a half million acres throughout Iraq. Those vast holdings are reduced to the compound where Chalabi now stands. It’s about 10 acres, including the main house, which a team of workers is renovating, a large swimming pool, a grove of date palms and, in the back, a mudhif. There is a row of garages, decrepit now, where workers once serviced the machinery and trucks that brought the wheat and dates to market. “Imagine,” Chalabi says, turning to me. “And C.I.A. says I have no roots here.” Chalabi spent 45 years in exile. Under the Hashemite monarchy installed by the British after World War I, the ruling class of the new Iraq was largely made up of Sunni Muslims, as it had been under the Ottoman Turks. The Chalabis were part of the small Shiite elite; most of the rest of the Shiite majority formed a vast underclass. The remnants of that Shiite elite now form a sizable slice of the political establishment of post-Saddam Iraq. In addition to Chalabi, there is Adil Abdul Mahdi, the vice president, a Chalabi friend since boyhood; Ayad Allawi, the former president, who is a Chalabi relative by marriage; and Feisal al-Istrabadi, the deputy ambassador to the United Nations in New York. In the 1950’s, Chalabi, Mahdi and Allawi were schoolmates at Baghdad College, an elite Jesuit high school. Even in their class photos, nearly a half-century old, all three men are instantly recognizable: Mahdi, the soft-spoken intellectual; Allawi, the charming bully; and Chalabi, the boy genius in a bow tie. On July 14, 1958, King Faisal II, the British-backed monarch, was deposed and killed; a day later, the prime minister, Nuri al-Said, fled to the home of Chalabi’s sister, Thamina. She dressed Said in an abaya, the head-to-toe gown worn by women. With the army closing in, Thamina Chalabi took Said to the home of Feisal al-Istrabadi’s grandparents. Ahmad Chalabi, then 14, watched his mother and Bibiya al-Istrabadi weep as they pondered the prime minister’s fate. “Three or four hours later, Said was dead,” Chalabi told me. “He shot himself.” Chalabi fled Iraq a few months later, first for Lebanon, then England and then America, where he received a degree in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a doctorate from the University of Chicago. (Dissertation title: “Jacobson Radical of Group Algebras Over Fields Characteristic p.”) He did not return to Baghdad until April 11, 2003. Chalabi’s homecoming, after the U.S. invasion, was not the triumphant return he hoped it would be. What should have been his principal claim to legitimacy — his central role in toppling Saddam — never carried him very far; it became a liability as Iraq descended into chaos. In the new Iraq, Westernized elites carried less and less authority. Power belonged to the clerics and to the populists. And then there was the scandal at Petra Bank in Jordan, the outlines of which every Iraqi, no matter how dimly educated, seemed already to know: that Chalabi had been convicted in absentia for fraud and sentenced to 22 years in prison for embezzling almost $300 million. (Chalabi, who fled Jordan before he could be arrested, has long denied the charges, maintaining that they were cooked up by the Jordanian government under pressure from Saddam Hussein. Last year, the Jordanians signaled that they were willing to pardon Chalabi. But Chalabi insisted on a public apology, which the Jordanians refused to give.) Even the small army of Iraqi exiles that Chalabi had raised before the war never grew to be much more than a personal militia. One poll, conducted in early 2004, showed him to be the least trusted public figure in Iraq — even less trusted than Saddam Hussein. Dexter Filkins The suspicions that ordinary Iraqis harbored about Chalabi were never relieved by his industriousness. As oil minister and deputy prime minister, Chalabi worked night and day, often on the minutiae of Iraq’s oil pipelines and electricity lines or the precise wording, in Arabic and English, of the Iraqi Constitution. I typically went to see Chalabi at night, sometimes at 9 or 10, and usually had to wait an hour or so while he finished with his other visitors. If it was true that Chalabi had returned to Iraq with the expectation of acquiring power, it was not true that he was unwilling to work for it. Chalabi, like all Iraqi political leaders, functioned in conditions of mortal danger at nearly all times. Even when he wanted to walk into his backyard, he had to be followed by armed guards. It’s an exhausting and debilitating way to live. But while many Iraqi exiles either gave up and returned to the West, or now spend as much time outside the country as in, Chalabi stayed in Iraq almost continuously following Hussein’s fall. For all the hard work, his zigging and zagging across the political spectrum frustrated many of the Iraqi elites — his only natural constituency — especially after his flirtation with the Islamists. “I don’t think Chalabi has any credibility left,” Adnan Pachachi, the 83-year-old former foreign minister, told me before the 2005 elections. “He is not acceptable to Iraqis. People don’t like him shifting all the time. This thing with Moktada — it’s ridiculous.” One who remained true was his friend Mahdi, who seemed, perhaps from his boyhood days swimming in the Tigris with Chalabi, to carry a deeper understanding of his old friend. “This is the style of Ahmad,” Mahdi told me just before the elections. “He was a banker. He works a dossier. Each time it’s different — he invests here, he invests there, he invests elsewhere. He has had successes, he has had maybe his failures. I can work with him.” Chalabi never grasped his essential unpopularity. In the first round of elections, in January 2005, Chalabi rode into office as a member of the United Iraqi Alliance, the Shiite coalition pulled together by Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, the powerful Shiite religious leader. Nearly every Shiite in Iraq voted for the U.I.A., and a name on its slate all but guaranteed a seat in the Parliament. The leadership of the U.I.A. was sharply Islamist. Nearly a year later, as the December 2005 elections approached, Chalabi veered again, away from the Islamists, away from Moktada. Chalabi publicly chided the Shiite coalition as being too Islamic-minded, declaring he didn’t want to be a member of a government that was planning to transform Iraq into an Islamist state. By that time, of course, Iraq was already quite Islamist anyway. “They’re Islamist, and I don’t want to be part of the sectarian project,” Chalabi told me just before the elections that December. I actually believed him, but given his association with Moktada, it didn’t seem that many other Iraqis would. The reality, anyway, was more complicated. In the weeks before the election, the Shiite alliance offered Chalabi and his supporters 5 seats on its 275-seat slate; Chalabi demanded 10. Some Shiite leaders told me that they had deliberately offered Chalabi a low figure in the hope that he would leave their alliance for good. Mahdi, the vice president, denied that this was true. “For four days I tried to convince him; I even threatened him,” Mahdi told me. “I said, ‘Ahmad, if you leave this room, we will be no more friends.’ I was not serious. I was only threatening.” So Chalabi went his own way. If he had wanted only a seat for himself, he could have taken his place in the Shiite alliance; plenty of other Iraqis did. In going alone, he must have known that he was risking disaster. He went ahead anyway. A few days before the election, I drove up to Chalabi’s compound in Khadimiya for a lunch he was holding for tribal leaders. In much the same fashion as in Mushkhab 11 months before, about 100 sheiks from Sadr City listened to a Chalabi speech before descending on heaps of lamb and rice. One of the sheiks, a man named Sahaeh Masif al-Kindh, approached me as he walked out. “Chalabi didn’t forget us when we were living under Saddam,” al-Kindh told me. “He was Saddam’s biggest enemy. We don’t forget that.” 4. Washington, November 2005 The second round of Iraqi elections is only a few weeks away, and the wheel is turning again. Chalabi, once in favor, then out, is back in. Ostensibly, he has been invited to Washington by Treasury Secretary John Snow to talk about the Iraqi economy. But it’s more than that. He’s going to see Vice President Cheney, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. The allegations that prompted the raid on Chalabi’s compound 18 months before, that he tipped the Iranians to American eavesdropping, are mysteriously forgotten. Indeed, everything seems to have been forgotten. Chalabi is rising on the catastrophe that Iraq has become. The Bush administration is grasping for anyone who might help them. On paper at least, Chalabi has a shot at becoming prime minister. Most of the meetings are private. There is a dinner at the home of Richard Perle for some of Chalabi’s old Washington friends. One of the events, a speech at the American Enterprise Institute, is public. The room is filled. At the end of a speech, Chalabi is asked by someone in the crowd if he would like to apologize for misleading the Bush administration about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Chalabi nods as if he knew the question was coming. “This is an urban myth,” he says. The audience gasps. Chalabi told me later that his role as an intelligence conduit on weapons of mass destruction began shortly after the Sept. 11 attacks, when he was contacted by the Department of Defense. Not vice versa. “They came to us and asked, ‘Can you help us find something on Saddam?’ ” he said. “We put out feelers.” By that time, the autumn of 2001, Chalabi had a long record of working with the American government in its shadow war against Hussein. Throughout the 1990’s, however, Chalabi demonstrated time and again that he would pursue his own interests, even if they clashed with those of the United States. There was the time in 1995, for instance, when Chalabi, under the employ of the C.I.A. in the Kurdish-controlled city of Erbil, launched an unauthorized attack on Hussein’s army. The attack failed to spark an uprising against Hussein; the Turks sent troops into northern Iraq; the C.I.A. was furious. It was a fiasco. “Very quickly he got out of control,” one retired C.I.A. officer who worked with Chalabi told me. “We didn’t know what he was doing over there. He was trying to provoke a war with Saddam.” Then there was the time, in 1996, when Chalabi interfered with a C.I.A. plot to topple Saddam. I heard the story not from Chalabi but from Perle, the Bush defense adviser and Chalabi friend. As Perle tells it, Chalabi called him in a panic from London, telling him that a C.I.A.-backed plot against Hussein was fatally compromised. The fact that the C.I.A.’s Iraqi front-man for the plot, Ayad Allawi, was a rival of Chalabi’s (as well as his relative) had nothing to do with his concerns, Perle said. As Perle tells it, he quickly telephoned the C.I.A. director at the time, John Deutch, who agreed to meet in downtown Washington. Perle said he spent an hour laying out Chalabi’s worries. “He was obviously concerned,” Perle said of Deutch. The plot went ahead anyway. It was a catastrophe. Hussein arrested as many as 800 people and reportedly executed dozens of high-ranking officers. As a final indignity, Hussein’s men dialed up Allawi’s headquarters in Amman, Jordan, on a C.I.A.-provided communications device they captured from the plotters and left a message: “You might as well pack up and go home.” Some people in the C.I.A. held Chalabi responsible, believing that he had spread word of the plot in order to deny Ayad Allawi the upper hand in the exile movement. “There was abiding suspicion in the agency that Chalabi blew it,” the former C.I.A. agent said. The fallout over the failed coup precipitated the C.I.A.’s decision to break ties with Chalabi. Chalabi dismisses those claims, and some in the C.I.A. from the period back him up. “Chalabi was as true to me as the day was long,” says Robert Baer, a former C.I.A. field agent in northern Iraq. “If Chalabi was going to blow the operation, why would he tell the C.I.A.?” There was the money issue, too. Throughout the 1990’s, as the C.I.A. and Congress funneled millions of dollars to Chalabi’s organization, the Iraqi National Congress, rumors swirled about corruption. One of the skeptics was W. Patrick Lang, a senior official at the Defense Intelligence Agency. In 1995, Lang told me, he was sitting in the lobby of the Four Seasons Hotel in Washington, when he overheard a group of Iraqis talking about the money they had received from the American government. “I knew who these guys were, and I heard them speaking Arabic, and it was obviously Iraqi Arabic,” Lang said. “So I went over and sat next to them and listened. So what they were talking about was how to spend the Americans’ money, going on shopping trips, stuff like that. Oh, they were talking about going shopping for jewelry for women, toys for kids. Consumer goods. They were also talking about Las Vegas. ‘We will sneak out of here and go to Las Vegas. We have a lot of money now.’ ” A couple of years later, Lang said, he visited the office of Senator Trent Lott, then the Senate majority leader. After introducing an Arab businessman to Lott, Lang sat in Lott’s anteroom with a number of Capitol Hill staff members who helped draft the Iraq Liberation Act, which provided millions of dollars to Chalabi’s Iraqi National Congress. They were praising Chalabi: “They were talking about him, that Chalabi fits into this plan as a very worthwhile, virtuous exemplar of modernization, somebody who could help reform first Iraq and then the Middle East. They were very pleased with themselves.” Lang, an old Middle East hand who had worked in Iraq in the 1980’s, said he was stunned. “You guys need to get out more,” Lang recalls saying at the time. “It’s a fantasy.” Years later, Lang said, many of the same men who were sitting in Lott’s office that day became key players in the Pentagon’s plans for an invasion of Iraq. Which brings us back to Chalabi’s “urban myth”: the notion that he provided bogus intelligence to the Bush administration and helped persuade them — or provide the pretext — to invade Iraq. In his speech at the American Enterprise Institute, Chalabi exhorted the audience to turn to Page 108 of the Robb-Silverman report, a recently completed blue-ribbon investigation, which, he said, exonerates him. It does, in a way. The report does not say that Chalabi & Company played an important role in the events leading to the war. It says only that the Bush administration did not rely much on intelligence Chalabi handed over in making the decision to invade. “In fact, overall, C.I.A.’s postwar investigations revealed that I.N.C.-related sources had a minimal impact on prewar assessments,” the report says. This is also Chalabi’s version. In the run-up to war, he says, he provided only three defectors to the American intelligence community. “We did not vouch for any of their information,” Chalabi told me. One of the people whom the I.N.C. made available to American intelligence was Adnan Ihsan al-Haideri, who claimed that he had worked on buildings that were used to store biological, nuclear and chemical weapons equipment. Chalabi told me that he made Haideri available to American intelligence at a safe house in Bangkok. He didn’t think much of Haideri or his information, he says, and was astonished to learn later that the information he provided became a pillar of the Americans’ charges against Hussein. “We told them, ‘We don’t know who this guy is,’ ” Chalabi said. “Then the Americans spoke to him and said, ‘This guy is the mother lode.’ Can you believe that on such a basis the United States would go to war? The intelligence community regarded the I.N.C. as useless. Why would the government believe us?” Perle, from his perch on the Pentagon’s Defense Policy Advisory Committee Board, backs Chalabi’s version. He was privy to much of the intelligence the administration was collecting on Hussein in the days before the war. He says that American intelligence officials began from the premise that Hussein had never destroyed his stocks of banned weapons and that he had kept his programs alive. American spies were only looking to confirm what they thought they already knew. In any event, Perle said, very little of their information came from Chalabi. “I had all the security clearances,” Perle said. “I was pretty much aware of the people that the I.N.C. was bringing to the table to talk about what they knew. Everything they did came with a disclaimer. To the best of my knowledge, there was no single important fact that was uniquely conveyed to U.S. intelligence by anyone who had been assisted by the I.N.C.” Indeed, Chalabi says, much of the most important evidence that led America to war did not come from the I.N.C.: not the report on the uranium from Niger, and not Curveball, the Iraqi defector who made bogus claims about mobile biological weapons labs. “It’s not our fault,” Chalabi says. But the story doesn’t end there. A second report, released by the Senate Intelligence Committee in September 2006, reached far more damning conclusions. The report states flatly that Chalabi’s group introduced defectors to American intelligence who directly influenced two key judgments in the 2002 National Intelligence Estimate, which preceded the Senate vote on the Iraq war: that Hussein possessed mobile biological-weapons laboratories and that he was trying to reconstitute his nuclear program. The report said that the I.N.C. provided a large volume of flawed intelligence to the United States about Iraq, saying the group “attempted to influence United States policy on Iraq by providing false information through defectors directed at convincing the United States that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction and had links to terrorists.” (Five Republican senators disagreed with the report’s conclusions about the I.N.C.) Chalabi’s denials are unconvincing for another reason. His role in the preparations for war was not just as a source for American intelligence agencies. He was America’s chief public advocate for war, spreading information gathered by his own intelligence network to newspapers, magazines, television programs and Congress. (A New York Times reporter, Judith Miller, was one of Chalabi’s primary conduits; in an e-mail message sent in 2003 that has been widely quoted since, she wrote that Chalabi “has provided most of the front-page exclusives on W.M.D. to our paper” and that the Army unit she was then traveling with was “using Chalabi’s intell and document network for its own W.M.D. work.”) Indeed, the press proved even more gullible than the intelligence experts in the American government. In a June 2002 letter to the Senate Appropriations Committee, the I.N.C. listed 108 news articles based on information provided by the group. The list included articles concerning some of the wildest claims about Hussein, including that he had collaborated in the Sept. 11 attacks. David Kay, the former chief weapons inspector in Iraq, offers one of the most compelling explanations for how pivotal Chalabi’s role was in taking America to war. Kay said that while the C.I.A. had long regarded Chalabi with suspicion, disregarding much of what he gave them, Chalabi had succeeded in persuading his more powerful friends in other parts of the government — Vice President Dick Cheney, for instance, and Wolfowitz. The pressure brought by those men, Kay told me, ultimately persuaded George Tenet, director of the C.I.A., that the White House was committed to war and that there was no point in resisting it. “In my judgment, the reason George Tenet and the top of the agency came over to the argument that Iraq had W.M.D. was that they really knew that the vice president and Wolfowitz had come to that conclusion anyway,” Kay said. “They had been getting information from Chalabi for years.” Of Wolfowitz, whom he has known for years, Kay said: “He was a true believer. He thought he had the evidence. That came from the defectors. They came from Chalabi.” Kay said he continued to feel Chalabi’s influence with Wolfowitz even after the invasion, when Kay was leading the team searching for W.M.D. from mid- to late 2003. “Paul, when faced with evidence that we had developed on the ground, would say, Well, Chalabi says this, the I.N.C. says this, why are you not seeing it?” Kellems, the Wolfowitz assistant, disputed Kay’s story, saying that Tenet’s views were shared by officials across the government. “The position taken on weapons was the consensus view of the United States, including of the Clinton administration and other Western intelligence agencies — as well as that of Mr. Kay himself prior to visiting Iraq,” Kellems said. Lawrence Wilkerson, chief of staff to Secretary of State Colin Powell in Bush’s first term, adds a final turn to the labyrinth. In the frantic days leading up to Powell’s speech at the United Nations in February 2003, when he laid out the case for war, Wilkerson said he spent many nights sleeping on a couch in George Tenet’s office. During those preparations, Wilkerson told me, Powell insisted that every point he would make at the U.N. had to be supported by at least three independent sources. “We had three or four sources for every item that was substantive in his presentation,” Wilkerson told me in an interview in Washington. “Powell insisted on that. But what I am hearing now, though, is that a lot of these sources sort of tinged and merged back into a single source, and that inevitably that single source seems to be either recommended by, set up by, orchestrated by, introduced by, or whatever, by somebody in the I.N.C.” Wilkerson said that the revelations, some of which he says he has heard from his own friends inside American and European intelligence agencies, have forced him to rethink how America went to war. “I have maintained pretty much the same thing that the president said, ‘Well, we all got fooled, it was lousy intelligence, and no one in the national leadership spun the intelligence,’ ” Wilkerson said. “I am having to revisit that. And that is disturbing to me.” Wilkerson raises a crucial point. Assuming that Chalabi was a source for at least some of the bogus intelligence, we might ask ourselves: so what? Was the American national security apparatus so incompetent that it could be hoodwinked by a handful of shopworn engineers and an Iraqi mathematician to take the country into war? Or is the lesson more disturbing — that Chalabi simply gave the Bush administration what it wanted to hear? “I think Chalabi and the I.N.C. were very shrewd,” Wilkerson said. “I think Chalabi understood what people wanted, and he fed it to them. From everything I’ve heard, no one says he is dumb.” 5. Tehran, November 2005 Amid the debate about Chalabi’s role in taking America to war, one little-noticed phrase in a Senate Intelligence Committee report on W.M.D. offered an important insight into Chalabi’s identity. One of the principal errors made by the Bush administration in relying on Chalabi’s Iraqi National Congress, the report said, was to disregard conclusions by the C.I.A. and the Defense Intelligence Agency that “the I.N.C. was penetrated by hostile intelligence services,” notably those of Iran. The Iran connection has long been among the most beguiling aspects of Chalabi’s career. Baer, the former C.I.A. operative, recalled sitting in a hotel lobby in Salah al-Din, in Kurdish-controlled Iraq, in 1995 while Chalabi met with the turbaned representatives of Iranian intelligence on the other side of the room. (Baer, as an American, was barred from meeting the Iranians.) Baer says he came to regard Chalabi as an Iranian asset, and still does. “He is basically beholden to the Iranians to stay viable,” Baer told me. “All his C.I.A. connections — he wouldn’t get away with that sort of thing with the Iranians unless he had proved his worth to them.” Pat Lang, the D.I.A. agent, holds a similar view: that in Chalabi, the Iranians probably saw someone who could help them achieve their long-sought goal of removing Saddam Hussein. After a time, in Lang’s view, the Iranians may have figured the Americans would leave and that Chalabi would most likely be in charge. Lang insists he is only speculating, but he says it has been clear to the American intelligence community for years that Chalabi has maintained “deep contacts” with Iranian officials. “Here is what I think happened,” Lang said. “Chalabi went and told the guys at the Ministry of Intelligence and Security in Tehran: ‘The Americans are giving me money. I’m their guy. I’m their candidate.’ And I’m sure their eyes lit up. The Iranians would reason that they could use this guy to manipulate the United States to get what they wanted. They would figure that the U.S. would invade. They would figure that we would come and we would go, and if we left Chalabi in charge, who was a good friend of theirs, they would be in good shape.” Lang’s thesis is impossible to prove, and Chalabi denies it. And even if it were true, Chalabi’s role would be difficult to discern: so many different Iranian agencies are thought to be pursuing so many different agendas in Iraq that a single Iranian national interest is difficult to identify. Still, if Lang’s and Baer’s argument is true, it would be the stuff of spy novels: Chalabi, the American-adopted champion of Iraqi democracy, a kind of double agent for one of America’s principal adversaries. In late 2005, I accompanied Chalabi on a trip to Iran, in part to solve the riddle. We drove eastward out of Baghdad, in a convoy as menacing as the one we had ridden in south to Mushkhab earlier in the year. After three hours of weaving and careering, the plains of eastern Iraq halted, and the terrain turned sharply upward into a thick ridge of arid mountains. We had come to Mehran, on one of history’s great fault lines, the historic border between the Ottoman and Persian Empires. As we crossed into Iran, the wreckage and ruin of modern Iraq gave way to swept streets and a tidy border post with shiny bathrooms. Another world. An Iranian cleric approached and shook Chalabi’s hand. Then he said something curious: “We are disappointed to hear that you won’t be staying in the Shiite alliance,” he said. “We were really hoping you’d stay.” The border between Iraq and Iran had, for the moment, disappeared. More curious, though, was the authority that Chalabi seemed to carry in Iran, which, after all, has been accused of assisting Iraqi insurgents and otherwise stirring up chaos there. For starters, Chalabi asked me if I wanted to come along on his Iranian trip only the night before he left — and then procured a visa for me in a single day: a Friday, during the Eid holiday, when the Iranian Embassy was closed. Under ordinary circumstances, an American reporter might wait weeks. Then there was the executive jet. When we arrived at the border, Chalabi ducked into a bathroom and changed out of his camouflage T-shirt and slacks and into a well-tailored blue suit. Then we drove to Ilam, where an 11-seat Fokker jet was idling on the runway of the local airport. We jumped in and took off for Tehran, flying over a dramatic landscape of canyons and ravines. We landed in Iran’s smoggy capital, and within a couple of hours, Chalabi was meeting with the highest officials of the Iranian government. One of them was Ali Larijani, the national security adviser. I interviewed Larijani the next morning. “Our relationship with Mr. Chalabi does not have anything to do with his relationship with the neocons,” he said. His red-rimmed eyes, when I met him at 7 a.m., betrayed a sleepless night. “He is a very constructive and influential figure. He is a very wise man and a very useful person for the future of Iraq.” Then came the meeting with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the Iranian president. I was with a handful of Iranian reporters who were led into a finely appointed room just outside the president’s office. First came Chalabi, dressed in a tailored suit, beaming. Then Ahmadinejad, wearing a face of childlike bewilderment. He was dressed in imitation leather shoes and bulky white athletic socks, and a suit that looked as if it had come from a Soviet department store. Only a few days before, Ahmadinejad publicly called for the destruction of Israel. He and Chalabi, who is several inches taller, stood together for photos, then retired to a private room. At the time of Chalabi’s visit, Iran and the United States were engaged in a complicated diplomatic dance; the American ambassador in Baghdad, Zalmay Khalilzad, had been authorized to open negotiations with the Iranians over their involvement in Iraq. Still, Chalabi insists he carried no note from the Iranians when he flew to Washington the next week. Officially, at least, Iran and the United States never got together. As ever, Chalabi had multiple agendas. One was to learn whether the Iranians would support his candidacy for the prime ministership (the same reason he traveled to the United States). It makes you wonder, in light of the Baer and Lang thesis: was Chalabi telling the Iranians, or asking them for permission? Or making a deal, based on his presumed leverage in the United States? The possibilities seemed endless. Chalabi played it cool. “The fact that Iraq’s neighbor is also a country that is majority Shia is no reason for us to accept any interference in our affairs or to compromise the integrity of Iraq,” he said after his meeting with Ahmadinejad. Richard Perle, Chalabi’s friend, discounted the idea that Chalabi might be a double agent. “Of course Chalabi has a relationship with the Iranians — you have to have a relationship with the Iranians in order to operate there,” Perle said. “The question is what kind of relationship. Is he fooling the Iranians or are the Iranians using him? I think Chalabi has been very shrewd in getting the things he has needed over the years out of the Iranians without giving anything in return.” For all of the skullduggery surrounding the trip to Iran, though, the greatest revelation came later in the day. When the meeting with Ahmadinejad ended, he asked Chalabi if there was anything he could to do to make his stay more comfortable. Chalabi said yes, in fact, there was: would he mind if he, Chalabi, took a tour of the Museum of Contemporary Art? So there we were, in the middle of the Axis of Evil, strolling past one of the finest collections of Western Modern art outside Europe and the United States: Matisse, Kandinsky, Rothko, Gauguin, Pollock, Klee, Van Gogh, five Warhols, seven Picassos and a sprawling garden of sculpture outside. The collection was assembled by Queen Farah, the shah’s wife, with the monarchy’s vast oil wealth. And now, with the mullahs in charge, the museum is largely forgotten. The day we were there, the gallery was all but empty. We had the museum’s enthusiastic English-speaking tour guide all to ourselves. “Thank you, thank you, for coming!” Noreen Motamed exclaimed, clapping her hands. We walked the empty halls. Chalabi moved through the place deliberately, nodding his head, pausing at the Degas and the Pissarro. “Wow,” Chalabi said before Jesus Rafael Soto’s painting “Canada.” “Look at that.” A retinue of Iranian officials walked with us, unmoved by the splendor. Ahmadinejad had stayed behind. For all of the furies that emanate from the halls of the Iranian government, it has taken fine care of Queen Farah’s collection. Indeed, about the only way you would know you were not in a museum in New York or London was the absence of the middle panel from Francis Bacon’s triptych “Two Figures Lying on a Bed With Attendant,” which depicts two naked men. “It is in the basement, covered,” Motamed said with disappointed eyes. Finally, we came across a pair of paintings by Marc Chagall, the 20th-century Modernist and painter of Jewish life. The display contained no mention of this fact. Chalabi gazed at the Chagalls for a time. Then, with a rueful smile, turned, to no one in particular, and said loudly: “Imagine that. They have two paintings by Marc Chagall in the middle of a museum in Tehran.” The Iranian officials seemed not to hear. 6. Baghdad, December 2005 A winter rain is falling. Chalabi is standing inside a tent in Sadr City, the vast Shiite slum of eastern Baghdad. He’s talking about his plans for restoring electricity, boosting oil production and beating the insurgency. People seem to be listening, but without enthusiasm. The violence here, worsening by the day, is washing away the hopes of ordinary Iraqis. Less and less seems possible anymore. People are retreating inward, you can see it in the glaze in their eyes. As Chalabi speaks, I pull aside one of the Iraqis who had been listening. What do you think of him? I ask. “Chalabi good good,” the Iraqi man says in halting English. Whom are you going to vote for? “The Shiite alliance, of course,” the Iraqi answers. “It is the duty of all Shiite people.” When the election came, Chalabi was wiped out. His Iraqi National Congress received slightly more than 30,000 votes, only one-quarter of 1 percent of the 12 million votes cast — not enough to put even one of them, not even Chalabi, in the new Iraqi Parliament. There was grumbling in the Chalabi camp. One of his associates said of the Shiite alliance: “We know they cheated. You know how we know? Because in one area we had 5,000 forged ballots, and when they were counted, we didn’t even get that many.” He shrugged. But the truth seemed clear enough: Chalabi was finished. Chalabi, who could plausibly claim that he, more than any other Iraqi, had made the election possible, had been shunned by the very people he had worked so hard to set free. No amount of deal making or of public relations foot-work, or of endorsements from friends, was able to save him. Chalabi may have helped bring democracy to Iraq, but it was democracy that finished him. He was, in the end, a parlor politician, someone from the world of his father or grandfather, or maybe of Victorian England: a brilliant negotiator and schemer who might settle a country’s problems over a cup of tea. But in Iraq, by late 2005, real power was no longer held by the parlor men, or by politicians at all. It was held by people like Moktada al-Sadr, populist leaders with a militia and a mass following in the street. The election results were a harbinger of the civil war. Iraqis voted almost entirely along sectarian and ethnic lines: Kurds for the big Kurdish parties, Sunnis for the Sunni parties and Shiites for the big Islamist Shiite alliance. Iraqis who tried to run on a secular platform — Chalabi, for instance, and his relative, Allawi, in another party — found themselves abandoned. Just two months later, in February of this year, following the destruction of the Askariya shrine, a holy Shiite temple in Samarra, the civil war began in earnest: Shiite gunmen, who had for years been restrained by the Shiite leadership in the face of the Sunni onslaught, were finally free to retaliate. Chalabi, shut out of the government, claimed that his sin was one of miscalculation. There was some truth to this: in all likelihood, Chalabi did not lose because he had been convicted of stealing millions of dollars from a Jordanian bank. Or because of the rumors swirling around Baghdad that he had looted the treasury. Or even because he was an exile close to the Americans. No: plenty of Westernized Iraqi exiles were elected to Parliament — among them Mowaffak al-Rubaie and Adil Abdul Mahdi — who, like Chalabi, didn’t have local followings and were trailed by similar questions. Practically speaking, Chalabi lost because he had broken from the big cleric-backed Shiite alliance that swept the election. “I had not realized how polarized Iraq had become,” Chalabi told me after the election. He might have gotten a seat in the cabinet, but that didn’t work out, either. That stung: the new Iraqi government is staffed with Chalabi’s old colleagues, many of them members of the exile alliance he once led. Jalal Talabani is president. Adil Abdul Mahdi, his boyhood friend, is vice president. Barham Salih, comrade of many years, is deputy prime minister. His old confidant Zalmay Khalilzad, who played a central role in forming the new government, is the American ambassador. In the end, they couldn’t — or wouldn’t — bring him aboard. “Chalabi really made a mess of things,” said one Iraqi political leader who now occupies a key post in the government. He declined to elaborate. As anticlimactic as was Chalabi’s fall, its real meaning lay in a paradox: democratic politics no longer mattered. For three years, the American-backed enterprise in Iraq rested on the assumption that the exercise of democratic politics would drain away the anger that was driving the violence. Instead of bullets, there would be ballots. But at the culmination of that long process — two constitutions, two elections and a referendum — the violence was worse than ever. It turns out that democratic politics does not stop violence; indeed, the elections, by polarizing Iraq’s sectarian and ethnic communities, may have helped push the country into civil war. Effectively, by the fall of 2006, the overwhelming majority of Iraq had no government at all. It was a failed state. Yes, there were Iraqis — Chalabi’s friends — who went to their jobs every day, toiling dutifully and not so dutifully inside the Green Zone, which every day seemed more and more divorced from the reality outside. In the Red Zone, as the real Iraq is called, Iraq was a nightmarish, apocalyptic place, where gunmen kidnapped children and sometimes killed them, where bodies turned up at the morgue peppered by holes from electric drills and corpses lay uncollected in the streets, along with the trash, for days on end. Ahmad Chalabi devoted his whole adult life to toppling a dictator and achieving power in the place of his birth. He felled the dictator, helping along a reckless gamble that wagered the future of a nation. The gamble failed, a nation imploded and Chalabi never ascended to the throne he so coveted. But in an odd turn of fortune, the throne no longer had anything to offer. 7. London, August 2006 The conversation is wrapping up. The talk turns to the government of Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki, the machinations of those around him, what the future might hold. Chalabi, in an expansive mood, gets up, goes into a closet and brings out a note that Bob Baer, the C.I.A. agent, scribbled to him in that hotel lobby when the two men plotted a coup many years before. The talk, improbably, turns to memoirs; at the moment, Baer’s, “See No Evil,” was a best seller. I ask Chalabi, who is back on the couch, if it isn’t time that he write his own. He doesn’t hesitate to answer. “Too early!” Chalabi says. “Too early!”
A new kind of politics? http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-0704060020apr06,1,1855420.story?coll=chi-news-hed&?track=sto-topstory MEXICANS IN CHICAGO: A NEW KIND OF POLITICS Influence on both sides of the border Activists' political power is rising in Chicago and their homeland, as they seek reforms through marches and money Advertisement By Antonio Olivo and Oscar Avila Tribune staff reporters April 6, 2007 To outsiders, the men and women gathered inside a sleepy West Side restaurant may have seemed unlikely power brokers: a janitor, a real estate agent and others hardly known outside their circuit of neighborhood dances and back-yard barbecues. Jose Luis Gutierrez, who plotted strategy with the group as a soccer match flickered on a nearby TV, was himself a wholesale grocer until last year. But Gutierrez is now a top aide to Gov. Rod Blagojevich, and he was joined at the table by leaders of Chicago-area Mexican immigrant clubs, the engines behind a new political movement that is making itself felt from Illinois to Michoacan. Gutierrez received smiling nods when he likened the political muscle of the region's 563,000 Mexican immigrants to the power of Irish-Americans in the 19th and 20th Centuries, who came to control the Chicago machine. In May, the strength of Mexicans will be on display when many of the region's 300 immigrant clubs -- known as "hometown associations" -- will help organize a march in downtown Chicago a year after their political coming-out party, demonstrations that flooded the Loop last spring and charged the national immigration debate. For decades Mexican hometown associations have functioned as social networks whose members pooled their money earned here to help build new schools or churches back in Mexico. But leaders in Chicago's largest immigrant group have a more ambitious worldview than their predecessors, even more than the ethnic blocs that preceded them decades ago. Some, like Gutierrez, wield growing influence in both countries. One morning, he's unveiling a blueprint for more immigrant services in Illinois as director of the state's Office of New Americans Policy and Advocacy. The next night, he's brainstorming with activists in his home state of Michoacan about a slate of candidates for Mexico's congress. An active role in Mexican politics might seem at odds with building political influence here. But Gutierrez and others say they form a budding new political consciousness among Mexican immigrants -- a "third nation" of sorts that transcends the border, advancing the community's cause on both sides. "The nation-state concept is changing," said Gutierrez, 46, who came to Chicago in 1986 and led one of the Midwest's largest federations of hometown associations. "You don't have to say, `I am Mexican,' or, `I am American.' You can be a good Mexican citizen and a good American citizen and not have that be a conflict of interest. Sovereignty is flexible." That concept worries some U.S. officials and scholars who see the dual loyalty as undermining the assimilation of Mexican immigrants. Irish, German and Polish immigrants eventually melded into Chicago's landscape, their ties to their native soil largely sentimental. But Mexican immigrants today are linked to their homeland like no group before, scholars say, connected by NAFTA, satellite TV, the Internet, cell phones and cheap non-stop flights. In Mexico, their power stems from the nearly $25 billion these immigrants send home every year, the country's second-highest source of income behind oil. Their political influence surfaces in places like Teloloapan, far up in the cactus-filled hills of the state of Guerrero, where a Chicago restaurateur helped build new roads and business. Grateful townspeople elected him mayor in a landslide. In the U.S., immigrants' power is driven by numbers and a growing deftness at the levers of this country's political machinery. That recently manifested itself in a fledgling political action committee called Mexicans for Political Progress, which raised $23,000 for Blagojevich's re-election and rallied volunteers to walk precincts during November's election. An unfolding movement Fabian Morales, a soft-spoken Realtor with a well-clipped mustache, stands at the center of the unfolding movement. He handled logistics for three massive immigration marches in Chicago last year -- including a four-day walk to suburban Batavia -- and co-founded Mexicans for Political Progress. After coming to Chicago in 1970, Morales helped launch one of the city's then-few hometown clubs, devoted to his tiny native village of Xonacatla, Guerrero. Back then, Xonacatla was without roads, potable water or electricity. It was a slow journey from other towns by foot or horseback, Morales said. The club members in Chicago resolved to change that. Collecting $50 to $100 at a time, Morales and others raised enough through barbecues and door-to-door soliciting to replace a house used for worship services with a towering marble church that rises from the green hillside. Morales has since helped develop CONFEMEX, an umbrella organization for most of the hometown clubs in the Midwest. Among other things, the group is a central voice in economic development in Mexico, representing an estimated $340 million in projects generated by U.S.-based hometown associations in the last five years, according to Mexican federal officials. "We want to focus on creating more jobs there so they don't have to think about emigrating," Morales said. The rising activity of hometown associations caught the eye of the Mexican government, which eventually created a "3-for-1" matching project, where federal, state and local governments split the cost of a new bridge or computer center with the U.S.-based groups. Those projects have given Mexican immigrants "a great moral authority" in their homeland, as well as political cachet, said Carlos Gonzalez, executive director of the Institute for Mexicans in the Exterior, or IME, a Mexican federal government agency that fosters stronger ties with expatriates. "During the 1970s, [Mexicans] called the people who left Mexico and acclimated to the U.S. 'pocho,' which, if you look in the dictionary, means 'spoiled fruit,' " Gonzalez said. "The change we've seen in the public perception of Mexicans in the exterior has been 180 degrees." In 2006, citizens abroad were allowed to vote in Mexican presidential elections for the first time. Leaders are also pushing for changes that would allow expatriates to vote in local elections and even hold elective offices while residing abroad. Recently, Gutierrez and others persuaded Michoacan to become the first state in Mexico to extend voting rights to expatriates. Their rationale: Almost half of those born in Michoacan, Zacatecas and several other Mexican states now live in the U.S. Timoteo "Alex" Manjarrez, 44, is among a small but growing number of Mexican immigrants making a bolder claim in their motherland. Arriving from his native town of Teloloapan, Guerrero, in 1980, Manjarrez spent 19 years in Chicago. The stocky, boyish-looking immigrant worked for years as a dishwasher at the Columbia Yacht Club and, eventually, became owner of three Mexican restaurants in the city. Fulfilling a desire shared by many immigrants, Manjarrez moved back to his native town in 1999 with enough money for his family to live comfortably. But the place he had longed for all those years was still frustratingly poor, despite the investments Manjarrez's hometown club made in new roads and other improvements. Manjarrez, who holds both Mexican and U.S. citizenship, settled in and quickly built a new health club and a hacienda-style restaurant named La Condesa, after the three he still owns in Chicago. In 2004, he ran for mayor of Teloloapan. With long-distance backing from his hometown club friends in Chicago, who sent money and telephoned friends and local officials on his behalf, Manjarrez won handily. 'The city that works' Since taking office, the man who sees Mayor Richard M. Daley as a political role model has pushed to remake Teloloapan into a Mexican version of "the city that works." The effort includes newly paved streets, a recreation center that replaces a local swamp known as "black waters," and a towering hotel being built privately by Manjarrez's family. Next to a new medical clinic, a donated Chicago ambulance sits in the parking lot. Its emblem has been painted over, but it serves as a reminder of the continued links Manjarrez has to his former city, where he maintains a home near Midway Airport, votes in U.S. elections and checks in on his businesses. Aurelio Santamaria Bahena, mayor of a town near Manjarrez's called Tlapehuala, labeled such changes "a blessing" for an area of Mexico dominated by crumbling lean-to houses and children in bare feet pulling bone-thin donkeys. But, as with other parts of the country where the immigrant handprint is deepening, the introduction of U.S.-style governance has also bred resentment. Local leaders of Manjarrez's own Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) are trying to drum him out of office, arguing he is too brash and condescending. The mayor counters the fight is about his efforts to take away "a plate of corruption that they've been able to eat from for years." The conflict was an uncomfortable backdrop during a recent PRD strategy meeting at a restaurant in Chilpancingo, Guerrero's capital. Headlines that morning featured a march against Manjarrez, orchestrated by his opponents. "People see you as an outsider," a worried Santamaria cautioned Manjarrez. "People don't think you see things as they are here." Manjarrez, wearing a black "La Condesa" windbreaker, patted his friend on the back and smiled. He had a media plan, one that might have made Daley proud. "We'll publish photos of the streets of Teloloapan before and after I came into office," Manjarrez said. "And, we'll ask the people: `Which would you prefer?' " That same week, Mexican immigrants from the U.S. and Canada met in Mexico City, as members of an advisory council created by the Mexican government. With a brash American style, they soon escalated their advice to demands, the members' voices echoing through the meeting hall. Morales, the Chicago Realtor, and about 100 other council members pushed Mexico to lobby the U.S. harder on immigration reform. They chastised their hosts for not creating more jobs. Buttonholing federal legislators in hallways, they reminded elected officials how much their districts relied on money sent from the U.S. They want 'results now' Gregorio Luke, a blond member of the council from Los Angeles partial to designer suits, observed that this kind of behavior wouldn't exist in a purely Mexican forum, where deference toward authority guides nearly all dialogue. "These people come here speaking Spanish, but they're negotiating as Americans," said Luke, a museum director who once oversaw cultural affairs at the Los Angeles Mexican Consulate. "They want to see results now." The meeting of the advisory council also illustrated the provocative overlap of Mexican and American political action. In addition to all-day strategy sessions on how to improve Mexico, council members brainstormed over late-night drinks on next moves in the fight for U.S. immigration reform. Many members had used their existing e-mail network to coordinate simultaneous demonstrations in Chicago, Los Angeles and other cities. Though not active participants in the U.S. immigrant movement, Mexican officials urged their compatriots to keep on fighting. "Let there be no barriers or walls between Mexicans here on the inside and the outside," former Mexican President Vicente Fox told the group, referring to a 2006 U.S. law that allows for a 700-mile fence to be built at the border. The audience stood and cheered. The idea that the Mexican government might be helping its nationals shape U.S. politics has raised red flags, both in the halls of academia and in the more volatile world of talk radio and the Internet. Robert Leiken, director of the immigration and national security program at the right-leaning Nixon Center in Washington, argued that binational activism among Mexican immigrants is bad for both countries. In the U.S., the meetings in Spanish and the often-passionate interest in Mexico's future hinder assimilation, he said. In Mexico, the relationship to hometown associations fosters an unhealthy economic dependence on U.S. remittances. "If I went out to Pilsen and spent some time with people from a hometown association, I'd think these are really cool people," Leiken said. But, "Standing back and looking at this from a social policy standpoint, I see some real problems." James McCann, a Purdue University political science professor, found that immigrants interested in Mexican affairs were more likely to participate in U.S. politics. He helped interview about 1,100 Mexican immigrants and found that hometown clubs promoted activism. "The conventional wisdom is that any transnational engagement is going to suck the oxygen out of your civic life in the States," McCann said. "But it seems that if you open a new avenue of expression in Mexico, that new avenue might pay some other dividends in the U.S." Some of those dividends went directly to the Blagojevich campaign last fall, when the governor found himself being serenaded by a trumpet-playing mariachi band inside the Hacienda Tecalitlan restaurant on the Near Northwest Side. Near a trickling courtyard fountain, Morales praised the governor in Spanish at the kickoff dinner for the Mexicans for Political Progress PAC. While Morales once raised money for his hometown with $1 tamales, the price here was as much as $500 a plate. "Let us demonstrate our political power by voting in the election, by voting for our friends interested in the prosperity of Mexicans. Friends like Gov. Rod Blagojevich!" Morales told the crowd. Blagojevich, who speaks a hint of Spanish, took the microphone and shouted: "Viva Chivas!" a reference to a popular Mexican soccer team. When the laughter and applause subsided, he switched to English and added: "By organizing, you are empowering a community. Your voice will be heard." The mood is darker in northwest suburban Carpentersville, where a growing Mexican community has rallied in large numbers in the face of a local backlash against undocumented immigrants. Last fall, about 3,000 Mexican immigrants and their supporters turned up outside Carpentersville's City Hall in an unexpected show of opposition to a proposed ordinance that would penalize landlords who rent to illegal immigrants and employers who hire them. The crowd was so riled a vote on the ordinance was postponed and has yet to be taken. The quick response came largely due to the hometown association representing the village of La Purisima, Michoacan, local activists said. The club turned to its telephone list of 400 families, said Salvador Balleno, the group's president. The turnout was a victory, but it has not deterred Carpentersville trustees from other proposals that would allow local police to trigger deportation proceedings against illegal immigrants and make English the village's official language. And as Balleno has struggled to register voters and rally volunteers for this month's village elections, even sympathetic politicians have seemed hesitant to link themselves too closely with the hometown association. Balleno now fears the village's hard-liners have the upper hand, intimidating some of the immigrants who protested last fall. "The [club] members know that if these people stay [in office] it is going to affect their kids," Balleno said, sounding anxious that an opportunity was slipping through his fingers. Jose Artemio Arreola, a key organizer of next month's march in Chicago, has been actively monitoring the battle in Carpentersville. He sees the activity there as part of a plan to create a political empire for Mexican immigrants, one linking hometown associations in Chicago and other cities to labor unions and Mexico's congress. His strategy includes moving back to his native state of Michoacan to run for congress there, something Arreola never imagined doing when he left a town overrun by poverty and ruled by local drug kingpins. He got his start in Chicago working in a plastics factory. Frustrated by the union representation there, he ran for shop steward and won. Unable to speak English, he relied on his bilingual co-workers to help him negotiate union contracts. He has since become a school janitor in Oak Park. The position pays little, but it has allowed Arreola to climb the ranks of the Service Employees International Union, where he has become key in that union's national efforts to tap further into the country's exploding Mexican immigrant workforce. All the while, Arreola has used the sharp elbows and old-school union tactics acquired in Chicago to become a power broker in his hometown of Acuitzio del Canje. He started in 2004 when the local mayor refused to back projects proposed by his hometown association. Arreola, a burly backslapper partial to gold neck chains, recalled thinking: "I need to take them out." He recruited a teacher to run for mayor in the Mexican town. Arreola then brought back a town phone book and, with others in Chicago, called voters one by one, promising a stream of U.S. investment if his candidate won. The incumbent opted for traditional rallies and car tours through town with a bullhorn. More than two years later, sitting in a Pilsen restaurant, Arreola opened a laptop computer and showed off the fruits of what proved to be an easy victory. Pictures of a new retirement home popped onto the screen, one featuring a grinning Arreola at a groundbreaking ceremony. Another showed a new computer lab with 40 computers for local schoolchildren, an investment in the future of Acuitzio del Canje. The town's name comes from an 1865 decision to make it the site for a "canje," or exchange of prisoners between warring Mexican and French troops. Sitting deep in the dusty mountains of Michoacan, it was neutral ground back then, Arreola explained, territory that didn't fully belong to either country but, in some ways, belonged to both. ---------- aolivo@tribune.com oavila@tribune.com - - - IN THE WEB EDITION Jose Artemio Arreola is one of several Mexican hometown association leaders in Chicago with multiple connections in Mexico and the U.S. From helping organize last year's massive immigration marches to slating political candidates in his home state, he wields influence on both sides of the border. To learn more about Arreola, watch videos and see photo galleries, go to chicagotribune.com/mexicansinchicago. Copyright © 2007, Chicago Tribune
Did Democrat's forget about Terrorism attacks in the United States? 1980s • 1980 March 15 Armed members of FALN raided the campaign headquarters of President Jimmy Carter in Chicago and the campaign headquarters of George H. W. Bush in New York City. Seven people in Chicago and ten people in New York were tied up as the offices were vandalized before the FALN members fled. A few days later, Carter delegates in Chicago received threatening letters from FALN. • 1980 June 3: Bombing of the Statue of Liberty. At 7:30 PM, a time delayed explosive device detonated in the Statue of Liberty's Story Room. Detonated after business hours, the bomb did not injure anyone, but cause $18,000 in damage, destroying many of the exhibits. The room was sealed off and left unrepaired until the Statue of Liberty restoration project that began years later. FBI investigators believed the perpetrators were Croatian terrorists seeking independence for Croatia from Yugoslavia, though no arrests were made. • 1980 July 22: Ali Akbar Tabatabai, an Iranian exile and critic of Ayatollah Khomeni, was shot in his Bethesda, Maryland home. Dawud Salahuddin, an American Muslim convert, was apparently paid by Iranians to kill Tabatabai.[14] • 1981: Michael Donald was randomly selected to be lynched by two Ku Klux Klan members. He was beaten, had his throat slit, and was hung. • 1982 January 28: Kemal Arikan, the Turkish Consul-General in Los Angeles, is killed by members of the Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide. • 1982 May 4: Turkish Honorary Consul Orhan Gunduz was assassinated in his car in Somerville, Massachusetts by the Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide. •1983 November 7: U.S. Senate bombing. The Armed Resistance Unit, a militant leftist group, bombs the U.S. Capitol in response to the U.S. invasion of Grenada. • 1984 In what is believed to be the first incident of bioterrorism in the United States the Rajneeshee cult spreads salmonella in salad bars at 10 restaurants in The Dalles, Ore., to influence a local election. Health officials say that 751 people were sickened and more than 40 hospitalized.[15] • 1985 October 11: Alex Odeh, a prominent Arab-American, was killed by a bomb in his office in Santa Ana, California. The case is unsolved, but it is thought the Jewish Defense League was responsible. [edit] 1990s • 1990 November 5 Assassination of Meir Kahane head of Israel's Koch party and founder of the American vigilante group the Jewish Defense League in a Manhattan,New York hotel lobby by early elements of Al Qaeda. • 1993 February 26: First World Trade Center bombing killed six and injured 1,000. • 1993 March 10: Dr. David Gunn of Pensacola, Florida, was fatally shot during a protest. He had been the subject of wanted-style posters distributed by Operation Rescue in the summer of the year before. Michael F. Griffin was found guilty of Dr. Gunn's murder and was sentenced to life in prison. • 1993 August: Dr. George Tiller was shot outside of an abortion facility in Wichita, Kansas in August of 1993. Rachelle Shannon was charged with the crime and received an 11-year prison sentence. • 1994 The Earth Liberation Front since its founding that year has committed more than 1,200 acts of vandalism and arson in the U.S., causing more than $200 million in damage to property that they believe is being used to injure animals, people, or the environment. The FBI has classified the group as the top domestic terror threat. Because they do not target people they have objected to being categorized as terrorists. • 1994 March 1: Rashid Baz, a Lebanese national opens fire on a van carrying members of the Lubavitch Hasidic sect of Jews, killing one and wounding several others. The attack took place on the entrance ramp to the Brooklyn Bridge. • 1994 June 29: Dr. John Britton and James Barrett, a clinic escort, were both shot outside of an abortion facility in Pensacola. Rev. Paul Jennings Hill was charged with the killings, received a death sentence, and was executed September 3, 2003. • 1994 December 30: Two receptionists, Shannon Lowney and Lee Ann Nichols, were killed when two separate abortion clinics in Brookline, Massachusetts and Norfolk, Virginia were both attacked on December 30, 1994. John Salvi was later convicted. He committed suicide in prison and guards found his body under his bed with a plastic garbage bag tied around his head. • 1995 April 19: Oklahoma City bombing: A truck bomb shattered the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City, killing 168 people-including children playing in the building's day care center. Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols launched the attack in protest of the US government. • 1996 July 27: Centennial Olympic Park bombing occurred in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Atlanta Olympics. One person was killed and 111 injured. • 1996-2001 The Animal Liberation Front engages in arson attacks against meat-processing plants, lumber companies, a high-tension power line, and a ski center, in Oregon, Wyoming, Washington, California, and Colorado. • 1997 February 24: An armed man opens fire on tourists at an observation deck atop the Empire State Building killing a Danish national and wounding visitors from the United States, Argentina, Switzerland and France before turning the gun on himself. A handwritten note carried by the gunman claims this was a punishment attack against the "enemies of Palestine". His widow claimed he became suicidal after losing $300,000 in a business venture. In a 2007 interview with the New York Daily News his daughter said her mothers story was a cover crafted by the Palestinian Authority and that her father wanted to punish the United States for its support of Israel [16] • 1998 January 29: Robert Sanderson, an off-duty police officer who worked as a security guard at an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama, died when his workplace was bombed on January 29, 1998. Eric Robert Rudolph, who was also responsible for the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing, was charged with the crime and received two life sentences as a result. •1998 July 24: A gunman storms the United States Capitol and fatally wounds two United States Capitol Police officers. • 1998 October 23: Dr. Barnett Slepian was shot dead at his home in Amherst, New York on October 23, 1998. His was the last in a series of similar shootings against abortion providers in Canada and northern New York state which were all likely committed by James Kopp. Kopp was convicted of Dr. Slepian's murder after finally being apprehended in France in 2001. • 1999 April 20: Columbine High School Massacre: Two teenage students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, killed 12 fellow students and a teacher and wounded 24 others before committing suicide. [edit] 2000-present • 2001 September 11: September 11, 2001 attacks. • 2001 September 18: November - 2001 anthrax attacks. Letters tainted with anthrax kill five across the United States. The case remains unsolved. • 2002 July 4: Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian national, kills 2 Israelis and wounds 4 others at the El Al ticket counter at Los Angeles International Airport. The FBI concluded this was terrorism, although they found no evidence linking Hadayet to any terrorist group.[17] • May 2002 Mailbox Pipe Bomber: Lucas John Helder rigged pipe bombs in private mailboxes to explode when the boxes were opened. He injured 6 people in Nebraska, Colorado, Texas, Illinois, and Iowa. • October 2002 Beltway Sniper Attacks: During three weeks in October 2002 John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo killed 10 people and critically injured 3 others in Washington D.C, Baltimore, and Virginia. An earlier spree by the pair had resulted in 3 deaths in Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, California, Arizona, and Texas to bring the total to 16 deaths.
Glastonbury Festival 2007 full lineup? Pyramid Stage Friday 22nd June 2007 Arctic Monkeys Kasabian The Fratellis Bloc Party The Magic Numbers Amy Winehouse Gogol Bordello The Earlies Adjágas Saturday 23rd June The Killers The Kooks Paul Weller Paolo Nutini Lily Allen Dirty Pretty Things Guillemots The Pipettes Seasick Steve Liz Green Sunday 24th June The Who Kaiser Chiefs Manic Street Preachers Dame Shirley Bassey James Morrison Marley Brothers Present The 30th Anniversary Of Exodus The Waterboys Corb Lund National Youth Orchestra Other Stage Friday 22nd Jun 2007 Bjork Arcade Fire Rufus Wainwright The Coral Super Furry Animals Bright Eyes The Automatic Modest Mouse The Cribs Reverend And The Makers Mr Hudson And The Library Saturday 23rd June Iggy And The Stooges Editors Maximo Park Babyshambles Klaxons CSS Biffy Clyro The Long Blondes Brakes El Presidente The Switches Sunday 24th June The Chemical Brothers The View The Go! Team Mika The Rakes Get Cape Wear Cape Fly Coldwar Kids Sunshine Underground The Enemy The Holloways Kharma 45 John Peel Stage Friday 22nd June 2007 Hot Chip Maccabees Mum Ra Jack Penate Hold Steady The New Pornographers Tokyo Police Club Good Shoes The Annuals Disco Ensemble Fear of Music Look See Proof Saturday 23rd June The Twang Get Cape Wearcape Fly Patrick Wolf Bat for Lashes Pigeon Detectives Calvin Harris You Say Party We Say Die Holy Fuck The Heights The Rushes The Hours Grim Northern Social Blue Bullet Sunday 24th June Jamie T Just Jack Mark Ronson Scott Mathews Young Knives Rumble Strips The Horrors Noisettes Tiny Dancers Aqualung Shoot The Moon JazzWorld Stage Friday 22nd June 2007 Damian Marley Amy Winehouse Toumani Diabaté & Symmetric Orchestra AIM Gus Gus Nasio Fontaine Soweto Kinch Midival Punditz feat. Karsh Kale & special guests Guilty Pleasures Featuring The Tor Dogs & Special Guests Saturday 23rd June 2007 Rodrigo y Gabriela John Fogerty Guillemots Mr Hudson and the Library K`Naan Hiromi's Sonicbloom The Bees Soil & 'Pimp' Sessions Ganga Giri Forty Thieves Orkestar Sunday 24th June 2007 Corinne Bailey Rae Fat Freddys Drop Amp Fiddler Beirut Tinariwen Seth Lakeman Koop Mahala Rai Banda - Electric Gypsyland Babyhead Feluka Acoustic Stage Friday 22nd June 2007 Damien Rice Hothouse Flowers Sandi Thom Jack L Lisa Hannigan The Dylan Project Pauline Scanlon Emmy the Great Newton Faulkner Martha Tilston Saturday 23rd June The Waterboys Nick Lowe Eric Bibb Richie Havens The Men They Couldn’t Hang Liam O’Maonlai The Storys Catherine Feeny Liz Green Hayley Hutchinson Sunday 24th June The Bootleg Beatles KT Tunstall Moya Brennan London Community Gospel Choir Steve Forbert Songs of Nick Drake By Keith James David Saw Winding Stair Hummingbirds The Epstein The Park Stage Friday 22nd June 2007 Spiritualized - Acoustic Mainline Aliens M.I.A. Shlomo Cajun Dance Party Martha Wainwright Charlotte Hatherly Chas 'n' Dave Amy Macdonald Kate Nash Los Campesionos! Remi Nicole The Ralfe Band Peter & the Wolf Saturday 23rd June Africa Express Lou Rhodes Ed Harcourt Cherry Ghost Piney Gear Josh Pyke Get Well Soon The High Wire Sargeant Sunday 24th June Gruff Rhys Circulus King Creosote Adem The Little Ones Willy Mason Micah P Hinson Pete Doherty Euros Childs Fionn Regan Richard Swift Adele Laura Marling The Young Republic The Dance Village... East Friday 22nd June 2007 Fat Boy Slim The Klaxons Gus Gus Simian Mobile Disco Max Sedgley Hyper Cagedbaby !!! Buraka Som Sistema XX Teens (Formerly Xerox Teens) Uncle Buck Saturday 23rd June Mr Scruff Mika Mark Ronson Yoda Sugadaddy Infadels Tim Deluxe Black Ghosts Devils Gun Phil Kieran Sunday 24th June Carl Cox Pendulum Live Dave Clarke Vitalic The Glimmers Shitdisco Kissy Sellout Elektrons Zero DB Dragonette Polichinelle West Friday 22nd June Trentemoller Live Danny Howells System 7 Surgeon A/V Show Eatstatic Jim Masters A Guy Called Gerald Ralph Myerz and The Jack Herren Band Alloy Mental Subgiant Kava Kava Marc Vedo James Gill Saturday 23rd June Sasha Hybrid Mr C Meat Katie and VJ Anyone Uberzone DJ Hal The Bays The Neville Staple Band Pama International Kenji Williams Will Saul Breakfast With Howard Marks Sunday 24th June Krafty Kuts Coldcut Steve Lawler Dreadzone Bitesize Crazy P Stanton Warriors Phil Hartnoll Presents Long Range Future Funk Squad The Whip DJ Monkey Pilot G Stage Friday 22nd June The Plump DJ's Rennie Pilgrem & MC Chickaboo Adam Freeland General Midi & MC Jakes D. Rameriz Dumb Blonde Timo Maas Tom Real V's The Rogue Element Quest Atomic Hooligan & Jay Cunning The Breakfastaz Ben & Lex Plaza De Funk Saturday 23rd June Andy C Bong Ra Freq Nasty Radioactive Man Live Adam F Scotch Egg Band (Drumize) Shitmatt Noisia Mr Nice Jungle Drummer DJ Fu and Rodney P F**k Me USA Vexd Aural Imbalance Sunday 24th June Allaby Tristan Tron Beardy Hydrophonic Shpongle Ott Gaudi Roots Friday 22nd June Swami Desi Rock Bobby Friction (BBC Asian Network) Asian Dub Foundation Sound System Catch 22 Bandish Projekt Midival Punditz Nerm T Bone It's Bigger Than Dhol Academy Flynn & Flora Jerona Fruits Saturday 23rd June Steven Marley with guest Damian Marley Iration Steppas Fat Freddy's Drop Daddy G Mad Professor Tayo Nasio Fontaine Smith & Mighty Bobby Kray & Dennis Bovell Dubdadda Dubrovnik Dub From Atlantis Sunday 24th June K'Naan Klashnekoff Hearin' Aid Foreign Beggers SuparNovar Gettin Better Sound System The Young Punx Roullet Featuring Queen Bee & Parker Lounge Thursday 21st June Annie Nightingale's Dance Village Launch Party Steve Lawler Hybrid Ctrl Z Suns Of Mecha Uberzone Cakeboy & Doublethink Dive The Vees Andy Barlow (Lamb) Friday 22nd June Sean Rowley's Guily Pleasures Hexstatic Four Tet James Lavelle Little Barrie Hafdis Huld Men in Masks Hearin' Aid Western Soul The Nextmen featuring MC Wrec & Zarif Western Soul Urban Myth Club Breaking the Illusion Ghost Saturday 23rd June Andy Cato Die & Clipz Subsource Annie Mac Bonde Do Role Erol Alkan Cicada - Live Husky Rescue Para One Bimbo Jones Filthy Dukes Sunday 24th June Quantic Bugz In The Attic Rob Da Bank & MC Beardyman Dub Pistols Dan Le Sac vs Scroobius Pip Unklejam J Mountain Ben Westbeech The Loose Cannons Palladium It's Bigger Than Infinite Scale DJ Finn Pussy Parlure Thursday 21st June We Don’t Play Niece & Unc Polichinelle P.R.O.D. The John E Vistic Experience Western Soul DJs DJ Badly Friday 22nd June Healer Selecta Special Guest Oojami Live Healer Selecta Zen Hussies Sancho Panza featuring the Twilight Players Leon Jean-Marie We Don’t Play Sumaya Discípulos de Otilia Bourbon Warfare DJs Circus Star Cabaret Detectives of Perspective Saturday 23rd June DJ Zorro La Kinky Beat Mr M Dr Meaker Jose Luis Circus Star Cabaret Sean Rowley Presents I'm Not in Love Salsa Class with Mo Flex Emporium featuring Bingo Karaoke POP Quiz P.R.O.D. Sunday 24th June Russ Jones 'The Hackney Globetrotter' Gipsy.CZ DJ Forty Thieves Destroyers DJ Tofowski Forty Thieves Orkestar Emporium featuring Bingo Karaoke Kitty, Daisy & Lewis Sancho Panza The Kleptones That Lazysunday DJ ID Spiral Thursday 21st June Mayra Wombat Film Dom Spiral Film Sheik Yarbooty Friday 22nd June Elestial Gabriadelic Mrung Mark Mandala Hadar Iain Dub vs Addsineon Tom / Mira Aliji Film Mirror System Saturday 23rd June Cosmo 4D Pete Ardron Tall Will Dan Spencer Liquid Ross Sandra Liquid Djems Tom / Mira Matt Black Sunday 24th June Luna Lis Mudra Gandolfi Naked Nick Guy called Gerald (SUGOI) Film Gaudi Simon Pieman Chesstar Avalon Stage Friday 22nd June 2007 Mike Scott and Steve Wickham/The Waterboys Show Of Hands The Cat Empire Chumbawamba acoustic Oi Va Voi Ben Waters Band Flipron Tarantism Saturday 23rd June The Saw Doctors Seth Lakeman Gruff Rhys The Broken Family Band Julie Fowlis Robin & Bina Williamson 3 Daft Monkeys Big Strides Sheelanagig Sunday 24th June Billy Bragg Bellowhead Kíla Tunng Rise Kagona & Champion Doug Veitch Corb Lund & The Hurtin' Albertans Jeff Lang Avalonian Free State Choir Emily Barker & The Red Clay Halo Avalon Cafe Stage Thursday 21st June 2007 Big Strides The Huckleberries The Johnsons Lana Rod Thomas Benjamin and the Sirens Friday 22nd June Gringo Ska Chimanimani Bible Code Sundays Los Albertos Tumble Weed Jim Your Garden Day Green Angels Mik Artistik Helen Boulding and Tom Pi The Cedar Bellevue Stompin Dave Allen Saturday 23rd June The Cosmic Sausages The Matzos The Monks Kitchen Dog House Skiffle Band Sellors and the Scientists The Johnsons Alamo Leal Chris Jagger's acoustic band Rod Thomas Acoustic Collective Sunday 24th June Your Garden Day Boy Le Monti Al O'Kane The great Xar/The Show Ponies The Wraiths Who's Got The Keys The Babylon Ensemble Lana Bag of Rats Acoustic Collective Glade Stage Friday 22nd June 2007 Chimanimani Seth Lakeman Simon Atkinson & The Ben Marcato Trio CCQ Pee Wee Ellis with James Morton and The Rawness Iain Ballamy Kenji Williams Buraka Som Sistema Squarepusher Mark Edwards Hard Rain Environmental Show DJ's in Residence Clive Craske The Head Gardener Saturday 23rd June Mr Bojangles Moustache Nigel Mazyln Jones Jamie Cato (1 Giant Leap) Echo Nick Warren Dreadzone !!! (chk chk chk) Ozric Tentacles DJ's in Residence Doctor D Scratchy Patthan Sunday 24th June Vertigo Hedge Monkey Rhythmites Eatstatic La Kinky Beat Husky Rescue Soothsayers Greg Dread and Spee Ganga Giri DJ's in Residence DJ Andromeda Soul of Man Patthan Croissant Neuf Stage Thursday 21st June 2007 Dubblehead The Egg Friday 22nd June Yoga Workshop Class Bad Science The Soundcarriers The Huckleberries Rodney Branigan Mankala Almeida Girl and Le grand Descarga Saturday 23rd June Yoga workshop class NIZLOPI Echo Seize the Day Tanglefoot Kangaroon Moon Steve Hillage (System 7 Dj set) Sunday 24th June Biggles Wartime Band The Boat Band F.O.S. Brothers The Harp Trio The Big Baka Beyond and The G’Bine Left Field Thursday 21st June 2007 Stage 1 Beans on Toast Gear Soul Survivors Kid Harpoon 3 Daft Monkeys Neck The Blood Arm The Thirst Left Field Anti-Slavery Night: With Unite Against Facism & SWTUC (hosted by Don Letts & Dub Cartel) Don Letts & Dub Cartel King Blues Damien Dempsey Pama Inernational The Beat Stage 2 Open Mic Charlene Jones Emmy the Great Dan Donnelly Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man Fortune Drive Seasick Steve Left Field Anti-Slavery Night: With Unite Against Facism & SWTUC (hosted by Don Letts & Dub Cartel) Don Letts Anti Slavery Vox DJ Holy Fuck DJ Nizlopi DJ Liz Green Rodney Brannigan Sean Taylor Friday 22nd June Stage 1 Drum Workshop / Carnival Collective T-Bone Film – Glastonbury Gap Year The Hours Latin American Resistance – Panel discussion with Bob Crow, RMT, Carlos Lozarro (Columbian Journalist and death squad survivor), Brendan Barber (TUC) and Hugh Lanning (PCS) LATIN AMERICAN FIESTA Movimientos Tacto Latino Very be Careful Discipulos de Otilla Shelter and VirtualFestivals.com present the Left Field night for Affordable Housing: Slovo Republic of Loose VERY SPECIAL GUEST CUD Back to the Planet Neds Atomic Dustbin Stage 2 Open Mic Daisy Sweet Hearts LATIN AMERICAN FIESTA Movimientos Jersey Budd TBC Fionn Regan Kid Harpoon (ac) Joe Driscoll Jim Bob (CUSM) Glen Tilbrook DJ (Huw Stephens) Jack Penate DJ (Black Rats) Duke Special DJ (Goldierocks) Fred & Benny Saturday 24th June Stage 1 Open Mic (Shelter) The Deadbeats Peace 1 world FILM PLATFORM: Youth Protest Platform with Gemma Turnelty (NUS), UNISON, PCS and Youth Music GMB Present: Up the Poles! Left Field campaign for migrant workers union rights The Poise Rite Habakuk Comedy with: Mark Steel, Nick Wilty, Steve Gribben and MC Rosie Wilbey Ruarri Joseph Love Music Hate Racism presents: LMHR discussion with tonights artists and Derek Simpson (AMICUS) The Mentalists Natty No Lay Get Cape incl PlanB Lethal Bizzle The Noisettes Akala VERY SPECIAL GUEST Stage 2 Beans on Toast Movimientos Dan Donnelly Rhoda Dakar Zzz DJ King Blues Brakes (acoustic) Sunday 25th June Stage 1 Carnival Collective Another World is Possible! Environmental Campaign Film George Monbiot (campaigner and Guardian journalist) Eric Faulkner (Bay City Rollers) Tony Benn hosts ‘Another World is Possible’ with Frances O’Grady (TUC), Chris Baugh (PCS) and Shelter Get Up Stand Up – No to Trident! Marcus Brigstocke Ed Byrne Film Tony Benn Shazia Mirza Mark Thomas Neville Staples (from The Specials) Goldblade Soweto Kinch Glenn Tilbrook DJ Phil Jupitus Youth Music Present: Get Cape Wear Cape Fly Youth Music Award Build a Protest band winners Jail Guitar Doors – the campaign to give instruments to prisoners in memory of Joe Strummer DJ Phil Jupitus Billy Bragg & Guests Stage 2 Positively Testcard African Skies Dan Donnelly Neck DJ Night of Treason Lost Vagueness Friday 22nd June 2007 DJ Sophie Toes, Lorne MC Dougie Invisible Dreamstate Circus Merlinski Spacelee Divine Company Grrrlesque Empress Stah DJ Lorngerie Grrrlesque Alexanderope Ryan Styles Empress Stah Cous-cous Torture Company DJ Desert Ivan Discs Dynamo Rhythm Ace DJ Bollox and DJ Drew Dusty Sprinkles and the Hot Jazz Biscuits DJ Bollox and DJ Drew Saturday 23rd June DJ Sophie Toes Luxury Condo DJ Lorngerie MC Mat Fraser Dream State Circus Merlinski Spacelee Sumaya Flamenco Troupe Perverted Turkeys DJ Marsh Mellow Mike Mat Fraser Taylor Mac Zudance Aerial Martha and Arthur Kitty Bang Bang Grainne Vicky McManus Twighlight Players DJ Sophie Toes The Lovers DJ Andy Wetherall Bison DJ Marsh Mellow Mike Sunday 24th June DJ Sophie Toes MC Dave Chameleon Divine Company Kitty Bang Bang Martha and Atthur Vicky McManus Paul Zenon Bees Knees Empress Stah DJ Lorngerie and Sophie Toes Cous Cous Torture Company Deviant Aerial Paul Zenon and Sleez Empress Stah Perverted Turkeys Bees Knees DJ Lorngerie and Sophie Toes The Puppini Sisters DJ Lorne Sophie Mike The Fat 45s DJ Marsh Mellow Mike Babylon Bandstand Thursday 21st June 2007 Hodmadoddery Paris Motel The Electric Soup The Mandibles Shorn Rah The Doubtful Guest Max Pashm Friday 22nd June Ash Cortina Deluxx Wizz & Simeon Jones Bill Smarme Rose Kemp The Cedars Biggles Snortin' Dogs Electric Bill The Duckworths Michael J Sheehy John E Vistic LaXula Saturday 23rd June The Cloghoppers Phil King Glistening Cogs of Greenland The Volt The Mandrake Project The Clap Jeremy Smoking Jacket The Mighty Peas Joe Public SJ Esau Argument About Yellow Cats & Cats & Cats & Cats Sgt Peppers Vladimir Steamboat The Cedar The Blessing Babel Zen Hussies Los Albertos Sunday 24th June Phil King The Volt The Clap The Mighty Peas SJ Esau Cats & Cats & Cats & Cats The Wurzels Stonebridge Bar (in The Park) Thursday 21st June 2007 Gerry’s Joint Guilty Pleasures Baggy Mondays Friday 22nd June I'm With Stupid Arthur Shearlaw Joe and Nicky’s Sweet Charity Sean Rowley (rock 'n' roll set) Pablo Psychonaut Soulsavers Get Involved Saturday 23rd June Butch Cassidy’s Reggae Pop Show Four Tet with Eat Your Own Ears DJs Broader Than Broadway And Bobby Champagne Jr Hip Hop Karaoke Guto (Super Furry Animals /Trojan Records) Soul Jazz Sound System Beyond The Wizard’s Sleeve (Richard Norris and Erol Alkan) Sunday 24th June Butch Cassidy’s Reggae Pop Show Baggy Mondays Heavenly jukebox Ben Swank (Fitzrovian Phonographic) Pete Fowler (Monsterism) Robin and Nick (heavenly jukebox/The Admiralty Club) Broader Than Broadway Soundsystem Poetry&Words Tent Friday,22nd June 2007 Dennis Gould The Far Travellers: Bob Harding-Jones, Oz Hardwick, Marty Mulligan & Chelley McClear, PJ (Poetry Jack) The Urbanian Quarter: Andy Craven-Griffiths, Phaze, John Berkavitch, Polar Bear Hold on to your hats! Poems & Protest Open Mic Festival website Poet in Residence, Elvis McGonagall The Smooth Speakers: Jim Carruth, The Honey Tongues, Talking Tekla, Dennis Just Dennis, Tony Walsh Saturday,23rd June Poems & Protest: Aime Hansen, Byron Vincent, Shagufta K. Iqbal, Corporate Watch (Claire Fauset, Merrick and Danny Chivers) The Smooth Speakers The Vagina Monologues presented by Team Vagina (Janie Digby, Jess Lewin, Chloe Castleton, Arabella Gibbins) Women's Time Open Mic (Women Only) Far Travellers Riff Raff Poets: Dennis Gould & Pat VT West The Urbanian Quarter Hold on to your hats!: Milo, Ebele, Helen Shay, pint-sized poet, Thick Richard Sunday, 24th June Poems For The Abolition Of Slavery P&W People, including Helen Gregory and Kelly Gaffney Open Mic The Urbanian Quarter Hold on to your hats! The Smooth Speakers Poems & Protest The Far Travellers Festival website Poet in Residence, Elvis McGonagall The Poetry Slam! The Vagina Monologues Plus! around the edges - The Poetry Controllers – MILBURGA Late'n'Live Thursday 21st June 2007 The Deadbeats Dr Meaker Laymar Smallwhitelight The Maple State Liz Green Venus Bogardus The John E Vistic Experience Ed Cottam Lewis Sleeman Nine Bean Rows Friday 22nd June The Whip Gravenhurst The 9000 The Loungs Scouting For Girls Pinstripe Onions Thirty Pounds of Bone The Travelling Band Haiki Loki Saturday 23rd June Orphan Boy Love Minus Zero Neon Plastix Heck The Answering Machine Durban Poison The Epstein Feluka Cortina Deluxx Sunday 24th June Polytechnic The Courteeners Cherry Ghost Liam Frost It's A Buffalo Pierre Hall & The Lead Balloons Clarky Cat Rob Sharples The Grim Northern Social Birdengine Sam Hammond The Queen's Head Thursday 21st June 2007 Movie Sonny Jim (DJ) Simian Mobile Disco (DJ) The Draytones Captain Candie Payne Goldspot Jaymay Rushmore The Changes Underground Heroes The Servant zZz SingStar Friday 22nd June Movie Acid Jazz is 20! (DJ) Mr Hudson And The Library Chicane Borne Ed Harcourt The Wombats A Fine Frenzy Babel SingStar Little Barrie Ava Natty U Brown (with Eddie Piller) SingStar Saturday 23rd June Movie Sean Rowley (Guilty Pleasures) presents A Pop Odyssey (DJ) Dragonette The Horrors Amp Fiddler The Rumble Strips Tiny Dancers Bench Connection Ross Copperman SingStar Duke Special Polytechnic The Lea Shore Bert Miller And The Animal Folk SingStar Sunday 24th June Movie Pressure Sounds Sound System (DJ) Cold War Kids Seasick Steve Tunng Noah And The Whale Cherry Ghost Findlay Brown SingStar Crash My Model Car Shy Child White Rabbits Envy Corps Victoria Hart SingStar Theatre, Circus and Cabaret Cabaret Stage Big Beats Aisle16 Frank Olivier Janey Godley Shirlee Sunflower Harriet Bowden Jared Hardy Attila the Stockbroker John Otway Paul Nathan Joolz Steve Gribbin Mary Bourke Rory Motion Radio 4 presents “4 in a Field” Rhythm Wave Stan Stanley & Nina Conti Barry Cryer & Ronnie Golden Jeff Green Dot Comedy presents “Cuddly Fluffkins” Phil Kay Phil Nichol Nick Wilty Jim Jeffries Murray Lachlan-Young Marcus Brigstocke Mitch Benn 4 Poofs & a Piano Andrew Maxwell Reverend Obadiah The Great Voltini & Nurse Electra Phil Nichol Kevin Eldon Glen Wool Brendan Burns Pandora Pink Reginald D. Hunter Andy Parsons Guy Pratt Ian Cognito Woody Wilding presents “Record Graveyard” with added rice! La Belle Epoque Siyaya Joolz The Black Eagles The Cosmic Sausages Dino Lampa The Esuapim Cultural Troupe Jonathan Kay Twisted Cabaret The Stephen Frost Impro Allstars with Phil Jupitus, Andy Smart, Suki Webster, Richard Vranch, Steve Steen and the inimitable Stephen Frost Andi Neate The Cholmondeleys and the Featherstonehaughs Pluck Blackskywhite Pluck Charles Ross October Hamlyn-Wright Taylor Mac Circus Big Top Orchestra del Sol – Music Circomedia - Aerial Jamie Walker - Diabolo Missfitz - Aerial Dino Lampa – Juggler AJ - Acro Barnaby Bear with me - Missfitz - Aerial Black Eagles - Acro Tumble Circus – Aerial Jay and Manu - Jugglers Haggis – Hats Miku and Sanna - Trapeze Matias and Olga – Jugglers Space Cowboy Barefoot - Aerial Grant Goldie - Diabolo Courtney Orange - Acro Frenetic Engineering - Holland & Hales – Aerial Kwabana Lindsey – Slack Rope Jay and Matias - Jugglers Starfizz Matias and Olga – Jugglers Dan the Hat - Hats Dare – Acro Miku and Sanna - Trapeze Jay and Manu - Jugglers Space Cowboy Courtney Orange Shirlee Sunflower Dare – Acro Marina - Aerial Angie Mackman - Hula Dan the Hat - Hats Tumble Circus – Aerial Incandescence – Venetian Masquerade Great Dave Marina – Aerial Mario, Queen of the Circus Angie Mackman - Hula Drum Summit Sensation Seekers' Stage The Sneakers present Courgettes Charmaine Childs Silver Hot Potato Syncopators The Splott Brothers Frenetic Engineering present 'Les Femmes Fatal' Dynamos Rhythm Aces Your Dad Jon Hicks Tony Macaroni The Moosen Men The Herbie Treehead Band Your Dad Jacqui Algie Senor Chainsaw Mike Raffone Dirty Fred The Other Halfs Beautiful Stu Dance Saddlespan Stage Carnival Collective Flamenco Aire The Esuapim Cultural Troupe Shindig Eletricat/Abolicao The Jaipur Kawa Brass Band Saddlers Wells Pronghorm The Twilight Dancers Rhythm Wave Cut A Shine Zambula Courtney Orange Resonance The Twilight Dancers Siyaya Zoid Courtney Orange Barnstormer John Otway Big Beats Bill Bailey Outside Circus Stage The Herbie Treehead Band Dino Lampa Hearts Tongue Fulcrum Aileen Courtney Orange Frazer Barnaby Bear with Me Ojarus Mr. Spin The Great Dave Jamie Walker Chapati Tree Pixies Shirlee Sunflower Dynamos Rhthym Aces Inner Spin Banjo Circus Moosen Men Beautiful Stu Senor Chainsaw Guy Pratt The Better Halfs Grounds and Around Installations and ground shows in the three Theatre and Circus Fields: 1623 Theatre with Shakespeare 3 times a day Aileen Jakcie Algae Artemis Avanti Display The BAC Caravan Installation Tommy Baker Banjo Circus Beautiful Stu The Biding Time Caravan Installation Big Beats Big Rory BIG WHEEL in East Holts The Blackboard Project Black Box Theatre Blue Moon’s Village Fete Bosco Circus with juggling and circus skills workshops in Circus Field The Caravan Duke Box Carnival Collective The Cavemen Chapathi Tree Pixies The Chinese Lion Circomedia Circus Antics with juggling and circus skills workshops in Circus Field Curious Eyebrows Cyberstein’s Giant Robots Daemons and doppelgangers clay workshops DODGEMS in East Holts Dodgy Totty with “Open for Business” Dot Comedy’s Amazing Maze – “Get Lost” External Combustion’s Light Dragon Fair Play Fill up Full Stop The Flying Buttresses The Gargoyles Glow Bros The Hare and the Tortoise Heart’s Tongue Drew Hewitt’s Boat High Rise Rubber Joe Hoare and his Laughter Workshop Fraser Hooper Housewives’ Return The Human Juke Box Icarus Incandescence’s Playing Cards The Incredible Bull Circus Inner Spin Tom Tom Keeling’s sound boxes Legendary Lynne Kwabana Lindsay Tony Macaroni Magic Singh The Maharajah’s Feast Mario, Queen of the Circus Masters of the Kazooniverse The Miniscule Of Sound Nightclub The Musical Freedome The Mystic Swing Ojarus Orkestra del Sol The Other Halfs Ozstar Airlines Paint by Numbers Simon Parker’s One-Man Theatre Tosa Parkin’s Gracie Spoons Pandora Pink Pixielated Pluck Rose Popay and her Glastonbury Festival participative painting Railroad Bill Reckless Invention Roundabout for tinies Sav and Partner The Seagulls Shenanigans Silver Skateboard Ramp Exhibitions Skate Naked Skyfyre’s fire screens in Fire Corner in Glebeland Solar The Sonic Forest 24/7 in Glebeland Sparky the Robot Mr. Spin The Splott Brothers Stickleback Plasticus Swank and their Girl Guide Camp Synaesthesia Entertainments The Tea Ladies on Tour The Thoroughbreds Paul Tolhurst Trulee Peachie’s Giant Balloon Participative Sculpture The Ugs The Unhappy Sideshow Vertigo Stilts The Vicrtorian Wenches The Village Disco Ben Zuddhist Trash City – Pyrette Ship Stage The Apocalypse Games Show Barefoot with trapeze Miss Behave Dirty Fred Electric Dolls House Doug Francisco Captain Howdy's Flying Circus Shep Huntley The Mighty Gareth Light It! Solar Space Cowboy Tusk-Fire Pain-Proof Circus Trash City – Around and About Gawk-A-Gogo Tusk-Fire’s Carnie Encampment Miranda Mutanta and her piano The Red Hot Vixens Twisted Dreams Trash City - Flaming Love Palace Ebony Bones Hooligan Night Dead Silence Crack Village Warlords Of Pez Naked Ruby Carpet Face The Vees Gaz Mayall IXXY Steve Bedlam & Wreckage The Pony Girls & Jo Peacock Ruby Blues CanBootyCan! Fire Corner Up in fire corner, in the north east corner of Glebeland Theatre Field, there will be a great fire show on Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights from Solar, Elemental and the Festival Fire Swingers. And, on Thursday once it is dark, and on Friday and Saturday, once the Saddlespan Dance Stage has closed, come and watch the amazing Eddie Egal and Arson Art present their stunning flame show “Pyronautic”. 60 foot flames, sexy actors and some truly dangerous and ravishing effects – not to be missed. Cinima Field Thursday 21st June 2007 Pulp Fiction This Is England Donnie Darko The Blues Brothers American Psycho Ghostbusters The Lost Boys Serenity Friday 22nd June Thelma And Louise Zodiac Itty Bitty Titty Committee 300 A Dog's Breakfast Hot Fuzz Lord Of The Rings: The Fellowship Of The Ring Pirates Of The Caribbean Short Film Programme An Inconvenient Truth Cars Saturday 23rd June Scanner Darkly True Romance Oasis documentary Borat Hot Fuzz Team America Lord Of The Rings: The Two Towers Pirates Of The Caribbean 2: Dead Man's Chest Short Film Programme War On Democracy The Magic Roundabout Sunday 24th Walk The Line Pirates Of The Caribbean 3: At World's End The Last King Of Scotland O Brother, Where Art Thou? Lord Of The Rings 3: Return Of The King Cool Runnings Short Film Programme The Truth About Weapons Of Mass Destruction Happy Feet
an anime show like tenchi muyo??? looking for a show that like tenchi muyo can some help me?? 38,341 have donated. You can help Wikipedia change the world! » Donate now! From the fundraising blog – Wikibooks and the Future of Free Education "Probably the best thing modern world has ever achieved." — Frei Klaus [Hide this message] [Show more] Tenchi Muyo! From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Tenchi Muyo! 天地無用! (No Need for Tenchi!) Demographic Shōnen Genre Adventure, fantasy, harem OVA: Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki Director Masaki Kajishima (original creator) Hiroki Hayashi (OVA 1) Kenichi Yatani (OVA 2) Kenichi Yatagai (OVA 2-3) Studio AIC Licensor Geneon (OVA 1 and 2) VAP (OVA 3) Geneon (OVA 1 and 2) FUNimation Entertainment (OVA 3) Episodes 20 Released 25 September 1992 - 14 September 2005 OVA: Tenchi Muyo! Mihoshi Special Director Kazuhiro Ozawa Studio AIC Licensor Geneon Geneon Episodes 1 Released 25 March 1994 TV anime: Tenchi Universe Director Hiroshi Negishi Studio AIC Licensor Geneon Geneon Network TV Tokyo [show]Other networks: Cartoon Network, International Channel (AZN Television) Cartoon Network ABS-CBN Original run 2 April 1995 – 24 December 1995 Episodes 26 TV anime: Tenchi in Tokyo Director Yoshihiro Takamoto Studio AIC Licensor Geneon Geneon Network TV Tokyo [show]Other networks: Cartoon Network, International Channel (AZN Television) Cartoon Network Original run 1 April 1997 – 23 December 1997 Episodes 26 TV anime: Tenchi Muyo! GXP Director Shinichi Watanabe Studio AIC Licensor VAP FUNimation Entertainment Network NTV [show]Other networks: FUNimation Channel Original run 3 April 2002 – 25 September 2002 Episodes 26 Movie: Tenchi Muyo! in Love Director Hiroshi Negishi Studio AIC Licensor Geneon Geneon Released 20 April 1996 16 August 1996 Runtime 95 min. Movie: Tenchi Muyo! Daughter of Darkness Director Satoshi Kimura Studio AIC Licensor Geneon Geneon Released 8 August 1997 31 March 1998 Runtime 60 min. Movie: Tenchi Forever! Director Hiroshi Negishi Studio AIC Licensor Geneon Geneon Released 24 April 1999 10 October 1999 Runtime 95 min. Manga: No Need For Tenchi! Author Hitoshi Okuda Publisher Kadokawa Shoten VIZ Media Chuang Yi Serialized in Comic Dragon Jr VIZ Media Original run 16 December 1994 – 9 June 2000 Volumes 12 Manga: The All-New Tenchi Muyo! Author Hitoshi Okuda Publisher Kadokawa Shoten VIZ Media Serialized in Comic Dragon AGE Original run 26 July 2000 – 9 December 2005 Volumes 10 Related works Magical Girl Pretty Sammy (1995-97) Magical Project S (1996-97) Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure (1999) Sasami: Mahō Shōjo Club (2006) Tenchi Muyo! (天地無用!, Tenchi Muyō!?), is an anime, light novel, and manga series about a boy named Tenchi Masaki and the alien women who loved him. The original series, Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki, is a six episode OVA (Original Video Animation or Direct-to-Home Video) series; released in Japan in 1992–93. As its popularity grew, it spurred a seventh episode (also known as the Tenchi Special) and the stand alone Mihoshi Special. In 1994-95, the second OVA series was created and released, featuring episodes 8–13. From 2003 to 2005, a third OVA series was released, with episodes 14–19, centering around the three goddesses introduced in the second OVA series. This is then followed by a special twentieth episode which centered around some of the remaining plot threads towards Tenchi's mother, as well as Noike, who was introduced in episode 15. The series can be somewhat confusing too, due to it having several continuities. The Tenchi Muyo franchise has a manga series developed after an animated version was released, when typically the reverse is true. Tenchi Muyo! was one of the early successes for AIC, the animation company behind it, which went on to create El-Hazard, Battle Athletes, Oh My Goddess!, Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure and many other anime series. The main artist for the series is Masaki Kajishima. The name of the manga is a play on words. Tenchi muyō (天地無用, Tenchi muyō?) in Japanese means "This way up", a phrase written, for example, on boxes to show they should not be upturned. 無用 muyō also means "unnecessary", thus with a lead character "Tenchi" this name could also mean "unnecessary Tenchi", more often translated to "No need for Tenchi" (even so far as the episode titles for the first TV series to have the running gag of having the titles start with "No need for...") The name 'Tenchi' also means 'Heaven (or the sky) and Earth' so one could also take the title to mean "No Need for Heaven and Earth." Contents [hide] 1 Canon 1.1 Series 1.1.1 Summary 1.1.2 Tenchi Muyo! OVA series, Kajishima canon 1.1.3 Tenchi Muyo! OVA series, Hasegawa canon 1.1.4 Tenchi Universe, a.k.a. the Negishi canon 1.1.5 Tenchi in Tokyo 1.1.6 Movies 1.2 Manga 1.3 Spin-offs 2 English adaptations distributor history 3 Locations 4 Trivia 5 External links [edit] Canon [edit] Series [edit] Summary The three major series continuities are Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki, Tenchi TV/Universe, and Tenchi in Tokyo. The first series, TM!R, is the original OVA (Original Video Animation) which introduces the core characters. Tenchi TV/Universe and Tenchi in Tokyo are spin-offs that utilize the same characters, with the addition of Kiyone Makibi, though the back story is quite different from the original OVAs. The first of the spin-offs was Tenchi Muyo! TV (also known as Tenchi Universe), in 1995; it is a twenty-six episode TV series that retells the original series differently. This anime was one of a few anime to be broadcast on PBS member station KTEH in San Jose, California.[citation needed] [edit] Tenchi Muyo! OVA series, Kajishima canon Main article: Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki The canon accepted by series creator Kajishima is as follows: Animation Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki OVA 1 (episodes 1-6) Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki OVA 1 Special, The Night Before the Carnival (episode 7) Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki OVA 2 (episodes 8-13 + the bonus episode 13.5) Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki OVA 3 (episodes 14-19) Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki OVA 3 Special (episode 20) Tenchi Muyo! GXP: Galaxy Police Transporter Other Materials Shin Tenchi Muyo! Jurai (novel, tells of Azusa's life from a boy to the events in episode 13) Shin Tenchi Muyo! Yosho (novel, tells of Yosho's life from a boy until he defeats Ryoko on Earth) Shin Tenchi Muyo! Washu (novel, tells of Washu's life from when she was found 20,000 years ago through the loss of her child to politics. The death of her friend Naja is not discussed.) Tenchi Muyo! GXP 01 (novel, novel form of the TV series with very little NB) Tenchi Muyo! GXP 02 (novel, 2006 release) Tenchi Muyo! GXP 03 (novel, 2006 release; contains lots of stuff not seen in the anime) Various dōjinshi from Kajishima Various interviews with Kajishima The book 101 Questions and Answers of Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Oh-Ki (also titled 101 Secrets) [edit] Tenchi Muyo! OVA series, Hasegawa canon Naoko Hasegawa, writer of episodes 3 and 5 the first OVA series, uses a different continuity, which includes the following: Animation Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki OVA 1 (episodes 1-6) Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki Galaxy Police Mihoshi's Space Adventure (also known as the Mihoshi Special), though except for the framing sequence, much of the story is as an exaggeration by Mihoshi and is not considered canon. Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki Manatsu no Eve (Tenchi Muyo! Daughter of Darkness) (movie 2) Other Materials Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki Manatsu no Carnival (radio drama) A series of 13 novels by Hasegawa, including the Manatsu no Eve book upon which the movie was based upon. A few characters from OVA 2 (episodes 8-13.5), such as Tokimi, Emperor Azusa, and Empress Misaki, make appearances in Hasegawa's novels. However, the episodes and events from OVA 2, as well as episode 7, do not take place in Hasegawa's canon. Hasegawa also worked on the TV series, which includes her characters Kiyone and (in the movies) Achika, but the TV series is not considered to be in the same continuity. [edit] Tenchi Universe, a.k.a. the Negishi canon Main article: Tenchi Universe Called the "Negishi canon", after Hiroshi Negishi, the director who was the main creative force behind the series and connecting movies, Tenchi Universe (known as Tenchi Muyo! TV in Japan) has no sentient Jurai trees, Ayeka is not closely related to Katsuhito, and Washu is the person sealed in the cave. Kiyone has a major role in this series. Also, this series has a stronger emphasis on Ryoko, as shown in the show's opening credits and in some episodes, as well as Tenchi Forever. Animation Tenchi Muyo! TV (Tenchi Universe), 26 episodes Tenchi Muyo! in Love (movie 1) Tenchi Muyo! in Love 2: Haruka Naru Omoi (Tenchi Forever!) (movie 3) Other Material A manga, also written by Negishi, was produced as a tie in to TMiL2, though it is uncertain if this manga is part of established Negishi canon: Tenchi Muyo! In Love 2: Eternal Memory (manga) [edit] Tenchi in Tokyo Main article: Tenchi in Tokyo Shin Tenchi Muyo! (known as Tenchi in Tokyo in English), in 1997, is a third version of the story, centered on Tenchi's high school adventures in Tokyo. It is also a twenty-six episode TV series and many of the returning main characters have been portrayed differently with some slight personality changes. Animation Shin Tenchi Muyo! (26 episodes) [edit] Movies There are also three movies: Tenchi Muyo! in Love, Tenchi Muyo! Manatsu no Eve (The Daughter of Darkness) (1997), and Tenchi Muyo! in Love 2: Haruka Naru Omoi (Tenchi Forever!), 1999. Movies 1 and 3 are intended to be in, and match with, the Tenchi Universe continuity. Movie 3 concludes the Tenchi Muyo! TV (Universe) series. The continuity of movie 2 is more complicated. It is written by Naoko Hasegawa, who co-wrote the first OVA series and wrote several Tenchi novels in Japanese; the movie is based on one of her novels. Movie 2 is sometimes believed to be in Tenchi Universe continuity because of the presence of Kiyone and because Ayeka refers to my brother's tree instead of your tree while speaking to Katsuhito. Neither of these are related to Tenchi Universe; Kiyone is present because she originated from Hasegawa's OVA-based novels, and the Ayeka line is a misleading translation. In reality, the movie is an animated version of the Hasegawa novel of the same name, and is part of her continuity. In Japanese, a name or title may be used in some circumstances where English would require a pronoun; saying "brother's tree" to Katsuhito does not mean that her brother is someone other than him. Furthermore, in the Universe series it is never demonstrated that she has a brother. Tenchi Muyo! in Love (1996) Tenchi Muyo! in Love was the first of the Tenchi films, taking place within the Universe timeline. The movie is about how the gang must save Tenchi from utter disappearance by capturing a criminal named Kain, which had traveled back in time to destroy Tenchi's mother, Achika so that Tenchi isn't born to threaten his conquest of Jurai. In order to save Achika and Tenchi, Tenchi and crew travel back in time to the year of 1970 to protect Achika. Tenchi Muyo! Daughter of Darkness (1997) Tenchi the Movie 2: The Daughter of Darkness (Manatsu no Eve) is the second Tenchi movie. The movie is about a girl named Mayuka who appears out of nowhere claiming to be Tenchi's daughter. Ryoko and Ayeka are jealous and/or suspicious, Sasami befriends her, Kiyone and Mihoshi are the same, and Washu suspects something. Mayuka turns out to have been created by the demonic villain Yuzuha, who wanted revenge on Yosho because after befriending Yosho as a child she was banished by Jurai. Tenchi Forever! (1999) Tenchi Forever! (Tenchi Muyo! in Love 2) is a continuation of the first TV series (Tenchi Universe) and sequel to the original film. After a fight between Ryoko and Ayeka, Tenchi runs into the mountains to be seduced by a beautiful woman and disappears. Six months later, he is found with a woman named Haruna and he has forgotten his previous life. [edit] Manga The Tenchi manga consists of two series, Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-oh-ki and Shin Tenchi Muyo! (the shin here means new and has no connection to the second television series, Shin Tenchi Muyo) are written by Hitoshi Okuda. They have been released in America as No Need for Tenchi and The All-New Tenchi Muyo!. Unlike most anime/manga combinations, for Tenchi the anime came first, and the manga is considered non-canon. It is based on OVA series 1 and 2. Since the manga originally began in Japan before the release of OVA 2, the OVA 2 elements are not introduced immediately at the beginning. Because the manga is non-canon, new elements introduced in the manga do not carry over to the anime. Manga series released in the US: "No Need for Tenchi" series! (Volumes 1-2, earlier half of volume 3, 4-6, first half of 7, and 8-12.) "No Need for Tenchi: Magical Girl Pretty Sammy" (Later half of Volume 3, based on the "Pretty Sammy" OVAs. Not thought of as part of the manga storyline) "No Need for Tenchi: Tenchi in Love" (Second half of Volume 7, based on the first Tenchi movie. Has characters from the Tenchi Universe timeline. Not thought of as part of the manga storyline) "Tenchi Muyō: Sasami Stories" (A collection or reprint of several of the Sasami related events that happened in the No Need for Tenchi! manga series. However, the book itself is in the new smaller format, and also features bonus comics in the back that were printed over the years. The bonus comics are not thought of as part of the overall manga story.) "The All-New Tenchi Muyō!" (Volumes 1-10; It continues the No Need for Tenchi! manga, but with a smaller page format. Introduces several new characters that weren't in the original manga.) [edit] Spin-offs The first Tenchi spinoff is the Pretty Sammy, the Magical Girl series, a magical girl series where Sasami is the lead character. The first use of Pretty Sammy was in the Tenchi Muyo! Sound File, a Japanese-only music video release. The same animation was used in the ending of the Mihoshi Special. In 1995, a three episode Pretty Sammy OVA series began, where Sasami, who is known as Sasami Kawai, magically becomes Pretty Sammy. The second Pretty Sammy is a TV series (titled in America as Magical Project S), which came out in 1996. This series is a separate continuity from the OVA series. Pretty Sammy also appears in the Mihoshi Special and in an alternate reality sequence in the Tenchi Universe series. The second is Tenchi Muyo! GXP, which was released in Japan in 2001. The series takes place during the Kajishima version of the OVA continuity, and is set a year after the events of the third OVA series despite being released first chronologically. The main character of this twenty-six episode TV series is Seina Yamada, a friend of Tenchi Masaki who accidentally joined the Galaxy Police. Many characters from Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki make appearances in this series, including the use of Seiryo as a major character and a full-fledged Tenchi Muyo! crossover in episode 17. Sasami: Mahou Shoujo Club, currently shown in Japan as 2006, is recognized as the third spin-off with Sasami, known here as Sasami Iwakura, as the main character. The animation style here is saccharine compared to the other titles, but the hold over characters from the franchise (particularly Misao of Pretty Sammy) are still fairly recognizable. Other versions of Tenchi Muyo! are also available as graphic novels, video games and radio dramas. The series Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure is also thought to be related to the Tenchi Muyo universe, due to the blatant use of the "Lighthawk Wings" associated with the Jurai dynasty in Tenchi Muyo. Mecha Jinv from Dual! appear in Tenchi Muyo! GXP, Kiyone, Ramia, and Misao appear in a brief easter egg cameo in the series' OVA special, and there is much speculation concerning the ancient civilization that the character "D" is from. Kajishima has hinted that Dual! does, in fact, relate to Tenchi Muyo!. The creator of both DUAL! and Tenchi Muyo!, Masaki Kajishima, confirmed that DUAL! is in fact an alternate version of the Tenchi Muyo! universe. [edit] English adaptations distributor history The manga is published in English in North America by Viz Communications. In Singapore it is published in English by Chuang Yi as No Need for Tenchi! Pioneer USA (now Geneon Entertainment) has brought out most of the releases in the USA up to 2002. They released the Tenchi OVA series, the Mihoshi Special episode, both of the Tenchi Muyo! television series, and all three of the Tenchi Muyo! movies. Pioneer USA has also distributed the Pretty Sammy spinoff, with both the Pretty Sammy OVAs and Magical Project S TV series. On DVD the Mihoshi Special is released with Pretty Sammy, not with the rest of the Tenchi series. OVA1 and OVA2 were released on DVD in the UK in 2004. A single boxset was released in the UK which includes OVA1, OVA2 and the Mihoshi Special. When first aired in 2000 on Cartoon Network's Toonami in America, Cartoon Network did some editing to the character's lines. The girls (mostly Ryoko) often drink 'tea' throughout the series. However, their 'tea' is often poured and distributed like sake, a Japanese rice wine. Characters often begin to blush, slur their words together, hiccup, and slowly decline in their mannerisms as they chugged down their 'tea.' This was done to prevent backlash from the more conservative American audiences. The delivery of lines from the characters, however, implies that the characters are aware of the double entendre (ex.: "You can't drink THAT kind of 'tea' at school!") In addition to substituting 'tea' for sake, Cartoon Network also digitally painted swimsuits on several female character to cover up nudity during bathhouse scenes, and carried out extensive edits for language and other adult content, including references to sex, masturbation, and 'peeping'. FUNimation Productions licensed the second Tenchi Muyo! spinoff series Tenchi Muyo! GXP for distribution in the United States in 2003, and released it in 2004. FUNimation also licensed the third OVA series and released it on DVD starting July 2005. FUNimation has kept most of the original dub voice cast except for Petrea Burchard, who dubbed Ryoko's voice in the Pioneer/Geneon releases. She is replaced by Mona Marshall in the GXP and OVA 3 series. [edit] Locations Alpha – A planet from the Tenchi Muyo! OVA series, ruins on the planet were attacked by Kagato but otherwise nothing else has been seen or said of it. Balta- an autonomous planet within the Juraian territories, named after and ruled by the Balta family, which were also the rulers of the old Balta pirate guild. Beta – a planet from the Tenchi Muyo! OVA series. The only mention in the series is that several people disappeared in the planet's mystery spot once. Chobimaru – in the Tenchi Muyo! OVA series and GXP, it is a planet-sized spaceship belonging to the Kuramitsu family and operated by the Galaxy Police. Inside it has oceans, plants, and animal life along with the artificial structures. The ship also has firepower capable of destroying an entire planet. Earth - Also known as "Terra", home of the human race-and Tenchi Masaki's house is located here. Galaxy Police Headquarters - A giant space station shaped like an arc. It houses many Galaxy Police officers and acts much like a massive police station. Galaxy Academy - Three massive ring worlds together that are the size of a solar system. Many cultures and races co-inhabit this place, which houses both scientific and military schools as well as many civilian merchant areas. Jurai — The seat of the powerful Juraian Empire, the homeworld of First Princess Ayeka, and the abode of intelligent trees descended from a goddess in the anime Tenchi Muyo!. Raynza Republic - A unknown number of worlds that borders with the Juraien empire's territory, but not with the rest of the Galactic Union. Are now allies with Jurai thanks to a political marriage. Ryuten - One of Jurai's "sister planets" within the No Need For Tenchi! Manga. Aside from being a luxurious planetary resort, Ryuten is the sole proprietor of the giant trees used by Jurai's royal family. Craftspeople of the planet shape and carve the wood for use as prodigious spacecraft, with the master sculptor given the highest seat of authority. Seniwa - Home planet of the Kuramitsu family and one-time rival of Jurai. The two planets once were involved in a bitter Cold War, but have since became close allies. Tolane - A planet administered by the Galactic Science Academy, where Kagato had kidnapped Washu and taken Ryoko and Ryo-Ohki as slaves. Tokimi's Temple- Actually the home realm of the Chousin, this place is a massive area of altered space and time where all three - Tokimi, Washu and Tsunami - resided at one time. The area is made of many worlds with chaotic geometries. [edit] Trivia Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones. The creator of Tenchi Muyo!, Masaki Kajishima, named several of the characters after locations in his Okayama Prefecture hometown. [1] Guardians of Order published an English-language role-playing game based on OVA Episodes 1-13. The game, now out of print due to the expiring of the license, was moderately successful but is mainly of interest for combining many of the design elements that would be incorporated a few months later into the second edition of Big Eyes, Small Mouth and for the insights its writers gave on Tenchi's dilemma. The Japanese title logo of Tenchi Muyo! makes a cameo appearance as graffiti in issue 1 of the Mark Waid / Alex Ross graphic novel series Kingdom Come, right after Norman McCay leaves Wesley Dodds's funeral and starts walking through the streets. [edit] External links FUNimation's Official Tenchi Muyo! Site AIC's Official Tenchi Muyo! Site Formerly the Unofficial AIC BBS FAQ and now the Tenchi Muyo! FAQ Tenchi Muyo Another Universe — Very Useful Resource Site covering all of the Tenchi Series, Movies, and Spin-Offs as well as the latest news. It's famous for hosting an expansive family tree, which details the complex relations between all OAV characters. Tenchi in Tokyo — Wiki dedicated to the Tenchi anime series. 101 Tenchi Muyo Facts — Masaki Kajishima himself answers 101 of the most important and frequent fan-submitted questions about his story. h2g2 article on Tenchi Muyo Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki (anime) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia Tenchi Muyo Papercraft Okayama Tenchi Muyō! map [show]v • d • eTenchi Muyo! Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki series Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki (1992–2005) • Tenchi Muyo! GXP (2002) Tenchi Universe series Tenchi Universe (1995) • Tenchi Muyo! in Love (1996) • Tenchi Forever! (1999) Pretty Sammy series Magical Girl Pretty Sammy (1995–1997) • Magical Project S (1996–1997) • Sasami: Mahou Shoujo Club (2006) Other series Tenchi Muyo! Mihoshi Special (1994) • Tenchi in Tokyo (1997) • Tenchi Muyo! Daughter of Darkness (1997) Manga No Need For Tenchi! (1994–2000) • The All-New Tenchi Muyo! (2000–2005) People Masaki Kajishima (creator) • Yōsuke Kuroda • Hitoshi Okuda • Sharyn Scott • List of Tenchi Muyo! cast members Studios / Distributors AIC • Pioneer / Geneon • VAP • FUNimation Entertainment [show]v • d • eTenchi Muyo! characters Main Characters Tenchi • Ryoko • Ayeka • Sasami • Mihoshi • Washu • Noike • Kiyone • Ryo-Ohki The Chousin Washu • Tsunami • Tokimi Villains Kagato • Dr. Clay • Z • Yugi • Kain • Yuzuha • Haruna • Seiryo • Tarant • Yakage • Shima Brothers • Yume • Mikamo & Yataka • Garyu • Dark Washu Masaki Family Katsuhito • Nobuyuki • Achika • Tennyo • Airi • Rea Guardians & Royalty of Jurai Azaka & Kamidake • Azusa • Funaho • Misaki • Seto Galaxy Police Mihoshi • Kiyone • Noike • Seina • Amane • Kiriko • Ryoko Balta • Neju • Minami • Misao • Sabato • Mashisu Pretty Sammy Sasami Kawai • Pixy Misa • Ramia • Rumiya • Chief Pretty Sammy characters • Chief Magical Project S characters Others Nagi • Sakuya • Mayuka • Zero • Fuku • Minagi • Hiwa • Asahi • Kazuma • Tama • Chief GXP characters • Gohgei • Ibara • Noike Miscellaneous Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-ohki • Tenchi Universe • Tenchi in Tokyo • Tenchi Muyo! GXP • Pretty Sammy • Sasami: Mahou Shoujo Club Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenchi_Muyo%21" Categories: Anime OVAs | Anime series | Anime films | Manga series | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since October 2007 | Articles with trivia sections from June 2007 | Adventure anime and manga | Anime of the 1990s | Anime of the 2000s | Anime with original screenplays | Fantasy anime and manga | Harem anime and manga | Romance anime and manga | Shōnen | Tenchi Muyo! | Viz Media manga ViewsArticle Discussion Edit this page History Personal toolsSign in / create account Navigation Main Page Contents Featured content Current events Random article interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this article Languages العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 Português Suomi Svenska 中文 This page was last modified 19:45, 9 November 2007. 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Michael Stipe) 9 - Midnight Oil - Tone Poem 9 - Hooverphonic - No More Sweet Music 9 - Air - Talisman 9 - Brian Eno - Fractal Zoom 9 - Euphoria - Fire In The Hole 9 - The Byrds - My Back Pages 9 - Smashing Pumpkins - Eye 9 - Baka Beyond - Spirit of the Forest 9 - Lightning Seeds - Waiting For Today To Happen 9 - Loop Guru - Single Orphan First Year Camel 9 - Neville Brothers - Fire On The Mountain 9 - The Buddhist Monks of Sakya Tashi Ling - Secret Energy 9 - Son Volt - Afterglow 61 9 - Guster - Satellite 9 - Boston Pops Orchestra - William Tell (Overture) 9 - Jim White - Handcuffed to a Fence in Mississippi 9 - Black Rebel Motorcycle Club - In Like The Rose 9 - Rosanne Cash - Radio Operator 9 - Durutti Column - Nina 9 - Bettie Serveert - Unsound 9 - Coldplay - Warning Sign 9 - Pink Floyd - Time 9 - Secret Machines - Faded Lines 9 - Meghana Bhat - Running 9 - Willie and Lobo - Salome 9 - The American Analog Set - Hard to Find 9 - K.D. Lang - Save Me 9 - Pearl Jam - Nothing As It Seems 9 - The Postal Service - Such Great Heights 9 - Yes - And You And I 9 - Brazilian Girls - Homme 9 - Blue Man Group - Time To Start 9 - Elliott Smith - Wouldn't Mama Be Proud? 9 - Yat-Kha - Come Along 9 - Oasis - Who Feels Love 9 - The Smiths - Bigmouth Strikes Again 9 - Joni Mitchell - Don Juan's Reckless Daughter 9 - Thelonious Monk - Straight, No Chaser 9 - Of Montreal - Wraith Pinned To The Mist & Other Games 9 - Bob Dylan - Tangled Up In Blue 9 - Chroma Key - Colorblind 9 - Kubb - Wicked Soul 9 - Meat Puppets - Shine 9 - Leo Kottke & Mike Gordon - Living In The Country 9 - Red Prysock - Hand Clappin' 9 - Madness - One Step Beyond 9 - Galactic - Bongo Joe 9 - VAST - Dead Angels 9 - Stereophonics - Moviestar 9 - Hoodoo Gurus - Leilani 9 - Morphine - Take Me With You 9 - Dada - Dim 9 - Euphoria - Precious Time 9 - Vivaldi - The 4 Seasons: Summer 9 - Grandaddy - The Warming Sun 9 - Angelique Kidjo - Wombo Lombo 9 - Orbital - The Box 9 - Tom Petty - Square One 9 - Kruder & Dorfmeister - East West 9 - Sorten Muld - Bonden Og Elverpigen 9 - Temptations - Papa Was a Rolling Stone 9 - Sonic Youth - New Hampshire 9 - Matt Pond PA - Stars and Scars 9 - Thievery Corporation - The Lagos Communique 9 - Wilco - Kamera 9 - The Vines - Vision Valley 9 - Deus - Include Me Out 9 - Grant Lee Buffalo - Mockingbirds 9 - Belle and Sebastian - Mornington Crescent 9 - Gomez - All Too Much 9 - Pavement - Range Life 9 - Mike Doughty - Ossining 9 - Blue Man Group - Drumbone 9 - Duane Eddy - Rebel Rouser 9 - Boards of Canada - Aquarius 9 - Foo Fighters - Everlong 9 - Creeper Lagoon - Naked Days 9 - Travis - Follow the Light 9 - Neil Young - Pocahontas 9 - Arvo Pärt - Cantus in Memory of Benjamin Britten 9 - The Kinks - 20th Century Man 9 - Jets Overhead - All The People 9 - 10 CC - Dreadlock Holiday 9 - Jon Hopkins - Second Sense (w/ Imogen Heap) 9 - Hooverphonic - Inhaler 9 - Sea Ray - Revelry 9 - Drive-By Truckers - Sink Hole 9 - Wilco - The Late Greats 9 - Butch Baldassari Trio - As Far As I Can See 9 - Doves - Black and White Town 9 - The Starseeds - Parallel Life 9 - Lemon Jelly - The Staunton Lick 9 - Beck - Scarecrow 9 - Porcupine Tree - Start of Something Beautiful 9 - The Clash - The Guns of Brixton 9 - The Vines - Take Me Back 9 - Iggy Pop - Livin' On The Edge Of The Night 9 - Beatles - While My Guitar Gently Weeps 9 - Herbie Hancock - Cantaloupe Island 9 - Sonic Youth - Incinerate 9 - Camera Obscura - Shine Like A New Pin 9 - Harry Manx - Afghani Raga 9 - Soft Hearted Scientists - Diving Bell 9 - Benise - Samba Samba 9 - Dana Lyons - Cows With Guns 9 - Abigail Washburn - Song of the Traveling Daughter 9 - Mark Knopfler and Emmylou Harris - Beachcombing 9 - Rusted Root - Rain 9 - ZZ Top - La Grange 9 - Rosanne Cash - Burn Down This Town 9 - Zero 7 - Futures 9 - Lemonheads - Mrs. Robinson 9 - World Party - What Does It Mean Now? 9 - Old 97s - Broadway 9 - Rubyhorse - Evergreen 9 - David Bowie - Waterloo Sunset 9 - David Bowie - Lady Grinning Soul 9 - The Smiths - How Soon Is Now 9 - Euphoria - Cowboys 9 - Mumbo Gumbo - Love Makes Me Stupid 9 - Michael Hedges - Aerial Boundaries 9 - Fleetwood Mac - Bleed to Love Her 9 - Doves - Satellites 9 - Pinback - Sender 9 - Mano Negra - Mala Vida 9 - Youngbloods - Get Together 9 - Gotan Project - Queremos Paz 9 - Of Montreal - So Begins Our Alabee 9 - Hard-Fi - Middle Eastern Holiday 9 - Euphoria - The Getaway 9 - Spoon - I Summon You 9 - Morphine - Cure For Pain 9 - Miles Davis - Mystery 9 - Madrugada - Majesty 9 - Spoon - Two Sides/Monsieur Valentine 9 - Mich Gerber - Haboob 9 - Buena Vista Social Club - El Cuarto de Tula 9 - Nitin Sawhney - Mausam 9 - Keren Ann - Chelsea Burns 9 - The Smiths - What Difference Does It Make? 9 - Beck - E-Pro 9 - Kinks - Sunny Afternoon 9 - David Tiller and Enion Pelta - The Tants of Toyt 9 - Dusted - Childhood 9 - Talvin Singh - Butterfly 9 - Radiohead - Go to Sleep 9 - Screaming Trees - More or Less 9 - Beatles - Tomorrow Never Knows 9 - Sufjan Stevens - Casimir Pulaski Day 9 - James Blunt - Wisemen 9 - Porcupine Tree - Lips Of Ashes 9 - Radiohead - Nice Dream 9 - Frank Black - I Burn Today 9 - The Specials - Message to You Rudy 9 - The New Pornographers - The Bones Of An Idol 9 - Jem - Amazing Life 9 - The Magic Numbers - Forever Lost 9 - Belle and Sebastian - We are the Sleepyheads 9 - Yoshida Brothers - Tabidachi (Starting on a Journey) 9 - Magnet - Where Happiness Lives 9 - Radiohead - Stop Whispering 9 - Alpinestars - Hotel Parallel 9 - Morphine - I Know You (Part III) 9 - The Cranberries - God Be With You 9 - Billie Holiday - Speak Low (Bent Remix) 9 - Gomez - How We Operate 9 - Carbon Leaf - American Tale 9 - Zero 7 - Home 9 - Carmen Rizzo - Overlooked Happiness 9 - Eels - Souljacker 9 - Matisyahu - Time Of Your Song 9 - Yello - Call It Love 9 - Butthole Surfers - The Shame of Life 9 - Levellers - Too Real 9 - Nada Surf - Always Love 9 - Tabla Beat Science - Palmistry 9 - Namaste - Jam 9 - The Cult - She Sells Sanctuary 9 - Pink Floyd - Shine On You Crazy Diamond 9 - Jerry Garcia - Sugaree 9 - William Orbit - Time to get Wize 9 - Slainte Mhath - Annie 9 - Kangaroo Moon - Astral 9 - Hooverphonic - Eden 9 - Hooverphonic - You Love Me To Death 9 - Ivy - Feel So Free 9 - English Beat - Save It for Later 9 - Sonic Youth - Schizophrenia 9 - Groove Armada - Think Twice 9 - The Tea Party - Winter Solstice 9 - Hooverphonic - We All Float 9 - The National - Daughters of the Soho Riots 9 - The Cure - Just Like Heaven 9 - Alabama 3 - Woke Up This Morning 9 - Neil Young - Harvest Moon 9 - Kan'Nal - Gypsy 9 - Skalpel - Sculpture 9 - Dandy Warhols - Heavenly 9 - Alain Bashung - Osez Josephine 9 - Led Zeppelin - Tangerine 9 - Elvis Costello - Pump It Up 9 - Sophie Zelmani - Hard To Know 9 - New Order - Waiting For The Sirens' Call 9 - Sons & Daughters - Dance Me In 9 - John Lee Hooker/ Miles Davis/ Taj Mahal - End Credits 9 - Tricky - Evolution Revolution Love 9 - Robbie Robertson & The Red Road Ensemble - Coyote Dance 9 - Porcupine Tree - Half-Light 9 - Bomb The Bass - Empire (w/ Sinéad O'Connor) 9 - Jeff Buckley - Lover, You Should've Come Over 9 - Matt Pond PA - New Hampshire 9 - Emiliana Torrini - Fingertips 9 - Telepopmusik - Breathe 9 - Meat Puppets - Sam 9 - Coldplay - Clocks 9 - Zwan - Riverview 9 - David Bowie - Heroes 9 - The Delgados - The City Consumes Us 9 - The Postal Service - We Will Become Silhouettes 9 - Turin Brakes - Slack 9 - Marvin Gaye - I Heard It Through the Grapevine 9 - Asian Dub Foundation - 1000 Mirrors (w/ Sinead O Connor) 9 - Steve Earle - Telephone Road 9 - Röyksopp - Only This Moment 9 - Jimi Hendrix - 1983.. (A Merman I Should Turn To Be) 9 - Porcupine Tree - Trains 9 - The Mamas & The Papas - Dream A Little Dream Of Me 9 - Yeah Yeah Yeahs - Maps 9 - Editors - Fall 9 - Talking Heads - Once In A Lifetime 9 - Medeski, Martin & Wood - Anonymous Skulls 9 - Moby - First Cool Hive 9 - Sam Roberts - Hard Road 9 - The Clash - London Calling 9 - Spinning Jennies - Three Minus One 9 - Amadou & Mariam - Camions Sauvages 9 - Gomez - Revolutionary Kind 9 - Happy Mondays - Bob's Yer Uncle 9 - Grateful Dead - Ripple 9 - Forest For The Trees - Dream 9 - Editors - Blood 9 - Sebadoh - Willing to Wait 9 - Clap Your Hands Say Yeah - Over And Over Again (Lost and Again) 9 - Imogen Heap - Have You Got It In You? 9 - Asian Dub Foundation - Riddim I Like 9 - Thievery Corporation - The Richest Man in Babylon 9 - Low and Sweet Orchestra - Sometimes the Truth Is All You Get 9 - Sixteen Horsepower - Hutterite Mile 9 - Morphine - Rope On Fire 9 - James - Sound 9 - Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds - Let the Bells Ring 9 - Steve Forbert - You Cannot Win If You Do Not Play 9 - Allen Toussaint - White Christmas 9 - Strunz & Farah - Dark Fire 9 - The Weepies - Vegas Baby 9 - Arctic Monkeys - Fake Tales Of San Francisco 9 - The Cardigans - Live and Learn 9 - Thievery Corporation - The Supreme Illusion (Feat Gunjan) 9 - Eels - From Which I Came/A Magic World 9 - Iron & Wine and Calexico - He Lays In The Reins 9 - The Shins - We Will Become Silhouettes 9 - Ralph Myerz & The Jack Herren - Nikita 9 - Ian Brown - Kiss Ya Lips (No ID) 9 - Robin Trower - Bridge Of Sighs 9 - Namaste - Havana Blues 9 - Smashing Pumpkins - Stand Inside Your Love 9 - Frank Black - Speedy Marie 9 - The Dead 60s - Red Light 9 - The Church - Myrrh 9 - Kasabian - Ovary Stripe 9 - Flaming Lips - In The Morning Of The Magician 9 - Jesse Cook - Breathing Below The Surface 9 - Beethoven - Symphony No.5 - Allegro Con Brio 9 - Elbow - My Very Best 9 - Death Cab For Cutie - Soul Meets Body 9 - Depeche Mode - Precious 9 - The Samples - Eatonville 9 - Johnny Cash - Rusty Cage 9 - Air - Le Voyage De Penelope 9 - Iain Ballamy - If I Apologised 9 - Snow Patrol - Tiny Little Fractures 9 - Fairport Convention - Tam Lin 9 - The Killers - All These Things That I've Done 9 - Ryan Adams - La Cienga Just Smiled 9 - Fatboy Slim - Weapon of Choice (remix) 9 - Morphine - Radar 9 - DJ Shadow - Six Days (Soulwax Mix) 9 - Black Rebel Motorcycle Club - Rifles 9 - Porcupine Tree - Lightbulb Sun 9 - Bob Marley - Natural Mystic 9 - Faith No More - Stripsearch 9 - The Frames - Dream Awake 9 - Smashing Pumpkins - Drown 9 - Leo Kottke - Morning is the Long Way Home 9 - Jimmy Thackery - Burford's Bop 9 - Pinback - Boo 9 - PJ Harvey - A Perfect Day Elise 9 - Tosca - Busenfreund 9 - Mocean Worker - Right Now 9 - Habib Koite & Bamada - Takamba 9 - Pinback - Seville 9 - Massive Attack - Angel 9 - Kent - Dom Andra 9 - Kasabian - Cutt Off 9 - The Tokens - The Lion Sleeps Tonight 9 - Catherine Wheel - Black Metallic 9 - Hot Tuna - Water Song 9 - Björk - Jóga 9 - Thomas Newman - Still Dead 9 - Kristin Hersh - Your Dirty Answer 9 - Jimi Hendrix - Manic Depression 9 - Glenn Miller - A String of Pearls 9 - The Byrds - Eight Miles High 9 - Enigma - The Eyes Of Truth 9 - Pete Yorn - For Nancy 9 - Ten Years After - Let The Sky Fall 9 - Devlins - Static In The Flow 9 - Pat Metheny Group - Above The Treetops 9 - Calexico - El Picador (live) 9 - Throwing Muses - Not Too Soon 9 - Kruder And Dorfmeister - Definition 9 - Guster - Barrel of a Gun 9 - BT - Satellite 9 - Chemical Brothers - One Too Many Mornings 9 - Slowdive - Shine 9 - Orbital - Illuminate (w/ David Gray) 9 - New Order - Temptation 9 - Galactic - Mercamon 9 - Baz Luhrmann - Everybody's Free 9 - Morphine - Scratch 9 - Thunderclap Newman - Something In The Air 9 - Finn Brothers - Suffer Never 9 - Pete Krebs & The Gossamer Wings - Her Dress so Green in the Moonlight 9 - Placebo - Twenty Years 9 - 1 Giant Leap - My Culture (w/Robbie Williams & Maxi Jazz) 9 - Sonic Youth - Unwind 9 - Golden Smog - Lost Love 9 - Violent Femmes - Gone Daddy Gone 9 - A Man Called Adam - Yachts 9 - Grand National - Talk Amongst Yourselves 9 - Interpol - Narc 9 - Pink Martini - No Hay Problema 9 - Sufjan Stevens - Come on Feel the Illinoise! 9 - Rubyhorse - Fell on Bad Days 9 - Tosca - Ocean Beat 9 - Dzihan and Kamien - Stiff Jazz 9 - Jacques Loussier Trio - Italian Concerto Allegro 9 - Peter Tosh - Johnny B. Goode 9 - Lush - Undertow 9 - Witchcraft - Ultraviolet 9 - A3 - Let the Caged Bird Sing 9 - Phish - Chalkdust Torture 9 - 46bliss - In A Long Time 9 - Buffalo Tom - Soda Jerk 9 - Ryan Adams - Easy Plateau 9 - Frank Black - I Heard Ramona Sing 9 - Groove Armada - At The River 9 - Ian Brown - Solarized 9 - Soul Coughing - The Incumbent 9 - Mogwai - Killing All the Flies 9 - Mike Doughty - Sunken-Eyed Girl 9 - Roxy Music - More Than This 9 - Xymox - Losing My Head 9 - Porcupine Tree - Shesmovedon 9 - Rachid Taha - Barra Barra 9 - Coldplay - White Shadows 9 - Coldplay - Low 9 - Robert Plant - Shine It All Around 9 - Neil Finn - Twisty Bass 9 - Billy Corgan - Mina Loy (M.O.H.) 9 - Eric Bibb - Don't Ever Let Nobody Drag Your Spirit Down 9 - The Arcade Fire - Une Anee Sans Lumiere 9 - Porcupine Tree - Stars Die 9 - Interpol - C'mere 9 - Jeff Buckley - Last Goodbye 9 - Paloalto - Breathe In 9 - Chris Whitley - To Joy (Revolution of the Innocents) 9 - The Durutti Column - Requiem For Mother 9 - Javier Paxariño - Temurá 9 - The Arcade Fire - Rebellion (Lies) 9 - Ministry of Sound - Cafe del Mar 9 - Placebo - English Summer Rain 9 - Sister Double Happiness - Wheels A' Spinning 9 - Billy Idol - Evil Eye 9 - Hem - Betting On Trains 9 - Porcupine Tree - Halo 9 - Bloc Party - This Modern Love 9 - Phish - Sand 9 - Acoustic Alchemy - Santa Cafe 9 - The Pogues - Dirty Old Town 9 - Bloc Party - Compliments 9 - Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds - Nature Boy 9 - Grateful Dead - Playing in the Band 9 - Trail of Dead - Let It Dive 9 - Ben Taylor Band - Time of the Season 9 - Pineapple Thief - We Subside 9 - Miles Davis - It Ain't Necessarily So 9 - Ozric Tentacles - Iscence 9 - Mark Knopfler - Don't Crash The Ambulance 9 - St. Germain - Rose Rouge 9 - Dandy Warhols - Bohemian Like You 9 - Thievery Corporation - Wires And Watchtowers (Feat Sista Pat) 9 - Kent - 400 Slag 9 - Billy Idol - Lady Do or Die 9 - West Indian Girl - Dream 9 - Faithless - No Roots 9 - Dandy Warhols - You Were The Last High 9 - Stevie Ray Vaughan - Voodoo Chile (Slight Return) 9 - Porcupine Tree - Mellotron Scratch 9 - G.O.L. - Soma Holiday 9 - Zilverzurf - Rotate & Levitate 9 - Porcupine Tree - Lazarus 9 - Thievery Corporation - Amerimacka (Feat Notch) 9 - Cream - Those Were the Days 9 - Morrissey - It's Hard To Walk Tall When You're Small 9 - Thirteen Senses - Into The Fire 9 - The Lemonheads - It's a Shame About Ray 9 - Air - La Femme D'Argent 9 - Bloc Party - Like Eating Glass 9 - Thievery Corporation - Lebanese Blonde (w/ Pam Bricker) 9 - Depeche Mode - Useless (Kruder & Dorfmeister Remix) 9 - Smashing Pumpkins - Rhinocerous 9 - Led Zeppelin - Kashmir 9 - Coldplay - Moses 9 - Leo Kottke - Vaseline Machine Gun 9 - Porcupine Tree - Even Less 9 - Joseph Arthur - in the sun 9 - R.L. Burnside - It's Bad You Know 9 - The Sisters of Mercy - Lucretia My Reflection 9 - Doves - Darker 9 - John Prine - Paradise 9 - The Shins - Mine's Not A High Horse 9 - My Morning Jacket - One Big Holiday 9 - Pat Metheny - New Chautauqua 9 - Kent - Musik Non Stop 9 - Kronos Quartet - The Two Towers (w/ Clint Mansell) 9 - Frank Black and the Catholics - St Francis Dam Disaster 9 - Thievery Corporation - Lebanese Blonde 9 - Bob Mould - Soundonsound 9 - Neil Finn - Human Kindness 9 - Seal - Human Beings 9 - Ima Robot - Scream 9 - Incubus - Aqueous Transmission 9 - Kula Shaker - Radhe Radhe 9 - Jeremy Kittel - Oisin's Tune 9 - Rubén González - Mandinga 9 - Mich Gerber - Zumurud 9 - Natalie MacMaster - Flamenco Fling Reel for Brenda 9 - Interpol - Untitled 9 - Luna - Speedbumps 9 - Seconds Flat - Dance On My Grave 9 - BeauSoleil - Cochon de Lait 9 - Black Rebel Motorcycle Club - Red Eyes And Tears 9 - Unkle - In a State 9 - Leo Kottke - When Shrimps Learn to Whistle 9 - The Dandy Warhols - Call Me 9 - Joseph Arthur - Can't Exist 9 - 16 Horsepower - Cinder Alley 9 - Pearl Jam - You Are 9 - Jars of Clay - Frail 9 - Cure - Letter to Elise 9 - Thievery Corporation - Samba Tranquille 9 - Badly Drawn Boy - Once Around the Block 9 - U2 - Vertigo 9 - Orb - Toxygene 9 - Alpinestars - Burning Up 9 - Yoshida Brothers - Storm 9 - William Topley - The Ring 9 - Banco de Gaia - Obsidian 9 - Bryan Ferry - I Thought 9 - Taj Mahal & The Chieftans - Freedom Ride 9 - Bryan Ferry - Fool For Love 9 - Vast - Thrown Away 9 - Rachael Yamagata - Paper Doll 9 - Thelonious Monk - Criss-Cross 9 - Snow Patrol - Somewhere a Clock is Ticking 9 - Goldfrapp - Utopia 9 - Paul Schwartz - Dido 9 - Shankar + Gabarek + Hussain + Gurtu - Song For Everyone 9 - Porcupine Tree - Prodigal 9 - MC 900 FT Jesus - The City Sleeps 9 - Chameleons - Dangerous Land 9 - LHB - We Live in Cities 9 - Alejandro Escovedo - Castanets 9 - Railroad Earth - Bird in a House 9 - Richard Shindell - Hazel's House 9 - PJ Harvey - The Letter 9 - Porcupine Tree - Dark Matter 9 - Slowdive - Souvlaki Space Station 9 - Son Volt - Route 9 - Air - Alpha Beta Gaga 9 - Liquido - Narcotic 9 - Southern Culture on the Skids - Mojo Box 9 - Dandy Warhols - Plan A 9 - Junkhouse - Shine 9 - Mark Lanegan - House A Home 9 - Carbon Leaf - Let Your Troubles Roll By 9 - I Am Kloot - From Your Favourite Sky 9 - Thievery Corporation - Indra 9 - Chameleons - Swamp Thing 9 - Interpol - Hands Away 9 - Sixteen Horsepower - Black Soul Choir 9 - Jeff Buckley - Grace 9 - Vida Blue - The Illustrated Band 9 - Morphine - Whisper 9 - Yonderboi - Fairy of the Lake 9 - Hooverphonic - One 9 - John Martyn - Glory Box 9 - Robbie Robertson & The Red Road Ensemble - The Vanishing Breed 9 - Donna The Buffalo - Riddle of the Universe 9 - Alpinestars - Carbon Kid (w/ Brian Molko) 9 - Banco De Gaia - Last Train to Lhasa 9 - Garmarna - Euchari 9 - Rolling Stones - Sweethearts Together 9 - Bj?rk - Big Time Sensuality 9 - Groove Armada - But I Feel Good
Why do so many 9/11 victims families say 9/11 was an inside job? Virginia Deane Abernethy, Ph.D., anthropologist, author, Population Politics Ed Asner, actor, activist Marshall Auerback, international portfolio strategist for David W. Tice & Associates, Inc. Catherine Austin Fitts, Asst. Secretary of Housing in the first Bush administration Keidi Obi Awadu, aka The Conscious Rasta, talk show host, LIBRadio Michael Badnarik, Libertarian candidate for President Byron Belitsos, publisher, Origin Press, author Planetary Democracy Philip J. Berg, Esquire, former deputy attorney general, Pennsylvania Medea Benjamin, activist, author, co-founder, Global Exchange and Code Pink Dennis Bernstein, investigative reporter, radio host of KPFA's Flashpoints Steve Bhaerman aka Swami Beyondananda, author, political comedian Brad Blanton, Ph.D., psychotherapist, author, Radical Honesty Saniel Bonder, spiritual teacher and author, Great Relief Dr. Robert Bowman, USAF Lt. Col. (Rtd.), founder, Institute for Space and Security Studies John Buchanan, author, candidate for the Republican Party Presidential nomination, 2004 Gray Brechin, Ph.D., author, environmental historian, professor, UC Berkeley Fred Burks, presidential interpreter for Bush, Clinton, Cheney, and Gore Norma Carr-Rufino, Ph.D., author, professor of management, San Francisco State University Angana Chatterji, Ph.D., scholar-activist and professor of anthropology Paul Cienfuegos, co-founder, Democracy Unlimited of Humboldt County David Cobb, attorney, national presidential candidate, US Green Party John Cobb, Ph.D., theologian, co-author, For the Common Good Ernest Callenbach, founder/editor, Film Quarterly, author, Ecotopia Kevin Danaher, Ph.D., author, speaker, co-founder, Global Exchange Stephen Dinan, author, Radical Spirit Ronnie Dugger, journalist/author, co-founder, Alliance for Democracy Daniel Ellsberg, author, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers Jodie Evans, co-founder, Code Pink Richard Falk, Professor Emeritus of International Law, Princeton University Michael Franti, musician, filmmaker, human rights worker Janeane Garofalo, actress, comedienne, talk show host, Air America Radio Jim Garrison, Ph.D., president, State of the World Forum, author, America as Empire Bruce Gagnon, Chair, Global Network Against Weapons & Nuclear Power in Space Ric Giardina, author, consultant, speaker, former Director of Trademarks and Brands for Intel John Gray, Ph.D., #1 bestselling author, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus Stan Goff, 25-year Army Special Ops veteran, author, Full Spectrum Disorder Melvin Goodman, senior fellow, Center for International Policy, author, former Senior Analyst, CIA, professor, National War College Morton Goulder, Deputy Secretary for Intelligence and Warning under Nixon, Ford, and Carter David Ray Griffin, Ph.D., theologian, author, New Pearl Harbor Doris "Granny D" Haddock, campaign finance crusader, NH Democratic candidate for Senate Thom Hartmann, radio host; author, Unequal Protection Richie Havens, singer, songwriter, performer, artist Paul Hawken, bestselling author, environmentalist, entrepreneur, founder of Smith & Hawken Randy Hayes, founder, Rainforest Action Network, US National Director, Direction Conservation Richard Heinberg, author, The Party's Over, core faculty, New College of California Van Jones, executive director, Ella Baker Center for Human Rights Rob Kall, editor, OpEdNews.com, president, Futurehealth, Inc. Georgia Kelly, executive director, Praxis Peace Institute Sean Kelly, Ph.D., author, professor of philosophy and religion, CA Institute of Integral Studies John Joseph Kennedy, Democratic Write-in Presidential Candidate for 2004 Mimi Kennedy, actress, Dharma and Greg, progressive activist Faiz Khan, M.D., Triage Emergency Physician on 9/11, Assistant Imam David Korten, author, When Corporations Rule the World Frances Moore Lapp?, author, Diet for a Small Planet; founder, Small Planet Institute Scott M. Legere, 25 year radio broadcaster as Scott Ledger, Tampa FL Rabbi Michael Lerner, editor, TIKKUN Magazine, author, Healing Israel/Palestine Michael Levine, bestselling author of Deep Cover, journalist, 25-year veteran of the DEA Joanna Macy, Ph.D., eco-philosopher, author Enver Masud, founder, The Wisdom Fund, author, The Truth About Islam John McCarthy, former Special Forces Captain, president, Veterans Equal Rights Protection Advocacy Ray McGovern, former CIA analyst, co-founder, Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity Cynthia McKinney, five-term Congresswoman from Georgia Ralph Metzner, Ph.D., author, professor, co-founder, Green Earth Foundation Mark Crispin Miller, media critic, author, professor, New York University Joseph W. Montaperto, New York City Fire Department Leuren Moret, geoscientist, radiation specialist, environmental commissioner Ralph Nader, Independent candidate for President Craig Neal, author, co-founder, The Heartland Institute, former publisher, Utne Reader Jeff Norman, executive director, Tour of Duty Jenna Orkin, Esquire, World Trade Center Environmental Organization Kelly Patricia O'Meara, investigative journalist, public relations Michael Parenti, Ph.D., author, Superpatriotism and The Terrorism Trap Edward L. Peck, former US Ambassador and Chief of Mission to Iraq, former Deputy Director to the White House Task Force on Terrorism Peter Phillips, Ph.D., professor, Sonoma State University, director, Project Censored Henri Poole, Internet pioneer, board member, Free Software Foundation Robert Rabbin, author, speaker, creator of TruthForPresident.org Paul H. Ray, Ph.D., sociologist, author, The Cultural Creatives John Renesch, business futurist, author, Getting to the Better Future John Rensenbrink, professor emeritus, Bowdoin College, co-founder, US Green Party John Robbins, author, founder, EarthSave International William Rodriguez, 9/11 rescue effort hero, founder, Hispanic Victims Group Neal Rogin, Emmy-award winning writer, performer, social observer Allen Roland, Ph.D., psychotherapist, published author and peace activist Rosemary Radford Ruether, professor of feminist theology, Graduate Theological Union Michael Ruppert, publisher/editor, From The Wilderness, author, Crossing the Rubicon Chris Sanders, founder, Sanders Research Associates Karl W. B. Schwarz, President, CEO, Patmos Nanotechnologies, LLC Peter Dale Scott, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, author, Drugs, Oil, and War Firefighter Kevin Shea, FDNY Hazmat Operations Michelle Shocked, singer/songwriter, activist Indira Singh, risk management and computer systems consultant J. Michael Springmann, attorney, former Foreign Service Officer, US Department of State Douglas Sturm, Ph.D., university professor emeritus, Bucknell University Marjorie Hewit Suchocki, Ph.D., theologian, author Chuck Turner, Boston City Council James W. Walter Jr., venture investor, philanthropist, founder of Walden Three Dan Whaley, E-commerce pioneer, founder of GetThere.com, acquired for $750M Burns H. Weston, J.S.D., Professor of Law Emeritus, Director, Center for Human Rights, U-Iowa Howard Zinn, professor, historian, author, A People's History of the United States Family Members Joanne Barbara, wife of FDNY Asst. Chief of Dept. Gerard Barbara Gayle Barker, sister of William A. Karnes, WTC Michele Bergsohn, wife of Alvin Bergsohn, Cantor Fitzgerald Derrill Bodley, father of Deora Bodley, passenger on Flight 93 Kathryn C. Bowden, sister of Thomas H. Bowden, Jr. WTC1, 104th floor Janet Calia, wife of Dominick Calia, Cantor Fitzgerald, WTC1 Maggie Cashman, wife of William Joseph Cashman, United Flight 93 Lynne Castrianno Galante, sister of Leonard Castrianno, 1WTC, 105th floor Elza Chapa-McGowan, daughter of Rosemary Chapa, Pentagon Bruce De Cell, father-in-law of Mark Petrocelli North Tower, 92nd floor Ralph D'Esposito, father of Michael D'Esposito, WTC, 96th floor Loisanne Diehl, Surviving Spouse, Michael D. Diehl, WTC2, 90th floor Adina D. Eisenberg, sister of Eric Eisenberg, WTC Jonathan M. Fisher, son of Dr. Gerald Paul "Geep" Fisher, Pentagon Michael J. Fox, brother of Jeffrey L. Fox, Tower 2, 89th floor Laurel A. Gay, sister of Peter A. Gay, AA Flight 11 Irene Golinsky, wife of Col. Ronald F. Golinski USA RET, Pentagon Lori, Jerry, and Beatrice Guadagno, sister and parents of Richard Guadagno, Flight 93 Kristen Hall, daughter of fallen firefighter Thomas Kuveikis 9/11 Kurt D. Horning, father of Matthew D. Horning, WTC Tower One, 95th floor Jennifer W. Hunt, wife of William C. Hunt, Euro Brokers John Keating, son of Barbara Keating, passenger on AA Flight 11 L. Russell Keene II, father of Russ Keene III, WTC2, 89th floor, KBW Peter Kousoulis, sister died in WTC Paul & Barbara Kirwin, parents of Glenn Davis Kirwin, Cantor Fitzgerald 105th floor Barbara Krukowski-Rastelli, mother of William E. Krukowski, NYC firefighter Laura and Ira Lassman, parents of Nicholas C. Lassman, died in WTC, Tower One Johnny Lee, husband of Lorraine Greene Alicia LeGuillow, mother of Nestor A. Cintron III Francine Levine, sister of Adam K. Ruhalter, who died on 9/11 Bob McIlvaine, father of Robert McIlvaine, WTC, Merrill Lynch Mary McWilliams, mother of FF Martin E. McWilliams- Engine 22 Daryl J. Meehan, brother of Colleen Ann Barkow, WTC 1, 105th floor Elvira P. Murphy, wife of Patrick Murphy, WTC 1 Natalee Pecorelli, sister of Thomas Pecorelli of Flight 11 James L Perry, M.D and Patricia J. Perry, parents of John W. Perry, Esq., NYPD Officer 9/11 David Potorti, brother of James Potorti, North Tower, WTC, Marsh & McLennan Terry Kay Rockefeller, sister of Laura Rockefeller, North Tower, WTC Grissel Rodriguez-Valentin, wife of Benito Valentin, WTC1, 94th floor Alissa Rosenberg-Torres, widow of Luis Eduardo Torres, post-9/11 mother, writer Elaine Saber, mother of Scott Saber Julie Scarpitta, mother of Michelle Scarpitta, WTC Building 2, 84th floor Paula Shapiro, mother of Eric Eisenberg, WTC2 Elizabeth Turner, wife of Simon Turner, lost on 11th September 2001 Adele Welty, mother of Firefighter Timothy Welty, FDNY, Squad 288 Joan W. Winton, mother of David Winton, WTC, South Tower, 89th floor David Yancey, husband of Vicki Yancey, American Airlines Flight 77 Nissa Youngren, daughter of Robert G. LeBlanc, flight 175 Late Signatories (starting toward 200...) Rita M. Haley, President, National Organization for Women, New York Chapter Immortal Technique, Harlem-based hip-hop artist with Viper Records, Revolutionary I&II Bob Kirkconnell, served in the U.S. Air Force 27 years, reaching the rank of Master Sergeant Dennis Kyne, former Army air medic, 18th Airborne Corps during Gulf War I, musician, author, "Support the Truth" Paul Landis, author, "Stop Bush Now!" Eric H. May, former Army military intelligence officer and media essayist Charles Shaw, Editor, Newtopia Magazine, National Peace Action Coordinator, National Green Party Peter Erlinder, professor, William Mitchell College of Law, past-President National Lawyers Guild Daniel Robert Rezac, 2004 Vice-Presidential Write-In Candidate, former Aviator & Armor Officer, Army National Guard, B.S.B.A. Joel Horwitz, lost beloved cousin in WTC 1 Jessica Murrow, lost husband Stephen Adams, Beverage Manager, Windows on the World, WTC 1 Ellen Mariani, lost husband Neil on Flight 175 Jean Hunt, disabled survivor of Pentagon attack Ralph & Brigitte Sabbag, lost son Jason in WTC 2 http://www.justicefor911.org/
Why do so many 9/11 victims families, Ph.D's and gov't officials insist that 9/11 was an inside job? Virginia Deane Abernethy, Ph.D., anthropologist, author, Population Politics Ed Asner, actor, activist Marshall Auerback, international portfolio strategist for David W. Tice & Associates, Inc. Catherine Austin Fitts, Asst. Secretary of Housing in the first Bush administration Keidi Obi Awadu, aka The Conscious Rasta, talk show host, LIBRadio Michael Badnarik, Libertarian candidate for President Byron Belitsos, publisher, Origin Press, author Planetary Democracy Philip J. Berg, Esquire, former deputy attorney general, Pennsylvania Medea Benjamin, activist, author, co-founder, Global Exchange and Code Pink Dennis Bernstein, investigative reporter, radio host of KPFA's Flashpoints Steve Bhaerman aka Swami Beyondananda, author, political comedian Brad Blanton, Ph.D., psychotherapist, author, Radical Honesty Saniel Bonder, spiritual teacher and author, Great Relief Dr. Robert Bowman, USAF Lt. Col. (Rtd.), founder, Institute for Space and Security Studies John Buchanan, author, candidate for the Republican Party Presidential nomination, 2004 Gray Brechin, Ph.D., author, environmental historian, professor, UC Berkeley Fred Burks, presidential interpreter for Bush, Clinton, Cheney, and Gore Norma Carr-Rufino, Ph.D., author, professor of management, San Francisco State University Angana Chatterji, Ph.D., scholar-activist and professor of anthropology Paul Cienfuegos, co-founder, Democracy Unlimited of Humboldt County David Cobb, attorney, national presidential candidate, US Green Party John Cobb, Ph.D., theologian, co-author, For the Common Good Ernest Callenbach, founder/editor, Film Quarterly, author, Ecotopia Kevin Danaher, Ph.D., author, speaker, co-founder, Global Exchange Stephen Dinan, author, Radical Spirit Ronnie Dugger, journalist/author, co-founder, Alliance for Democracy Daniel Ellsberg, author, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers Jodie Evans, co-founder, Code Pink Richard Falk, Professor Emeritus of International Law, Princeton University Michael Franti, musician, filmmaker, human rights worker Janeane Garofalo, actress, comedienne, talk show host, Air America Radio Jim Garrison, Ph.D., president, State of the World Forum, author, America as Empire Bruce Gagnon, Chair, Global Network Against Weapons & Nuclear Power in Space Ric Giardina, author, consultant, speaker, former Director of Trademarks and Brands for Intel John Gray, Ph.D., #1 bestselling author, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus Stan Goff, 25-year Army Special Ops veteran, author, Full Spectrum Disorder Melvin Goodman, senior fellow, Center for International Policy, author, former Senior Analyst, CIA, professor, National War College Morton Goulder, Deputy Secretary for Intelligence and Warning under Nixon, Ford, and Carter David Ray Griffin, Ph.D., theologian, author, New Pearl Harbor Doris "Granny D" Haddock, campaign finance crusader, NH Democratic candidate for Senate Thom Hartmann, radio host; author, Unequal Protection Richie Havens, singer, songwriter, performer, artist Paul Hawken, bestselling author, environmentalist, entrepreneur, founder of Smith & Hawken Randy Hayes, founder, Rainforest Action Network, US National Director, Direction Conservation Richard Heinberg, author, The Party's Over, core faculty, New College of California Van Jones, executive director, Ella Baker Center for Human Rights Rob Kall, editor, OpEdNews.com, president, Futurehealth, Inc. Georgia Kelly, executive director, Praxis Peace Institute Sean Kelly, Ph.D., author, professor of philosophy and religion, CA Institute of Integral Studies John Joseph Kennedy, Democratic Write-in Presidential Candidate for 2004 Mimi Kennedy, actress, Dharma and Greg, progressive activist Faiz Khan, M.D., Triage Emergency Physician on 9/11, Assistant Imam David Korten, author, When Corporations Rule the World Frances Moore Lapp?, author, Diet for a Small Planet; founder, Small Planet Institute Scott M. Legere, 25 year radio broadcaster as Scott Ledger, Tampa FL Rabbi Michael Lerner, editor, TIKKUN Magazine, author, Healing Israel/Palestine Michael Levine, bestselling author of Deep Cover, journalist, 25-year veteran of the DEA Joanna Macy, Ph.D., eco-philosopher, author Enver Masud, founder, The Wisdom Fund, author, The Truth About Islam John McCarthy, former Special Forces Captain, president, Veterans Equal Rights Protection Advocacy Ray McGovern, former CIA analyst, co-founder, Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity Cynthia McKinney, five-term Congresswoman from Georgia Ralph Metzner, Ph.D., author, professor, co-founder, Green Earth Foundation Mark Crispin Miller, media critic, author, professor, New York University Joseph W. Montaperto, New York City Fire Department Leuren Moret, geoscientist, radiation specialist, environmental commissioner Ralph Nader, Independent candidate for President Craig Neal, author, co-founder, The Heartland Institute, former publisher, Utne Reader Jeff Norman, executive director, Tour of Duty Jenna Orkin, Esquire, World Trade Center Environmental Organization Kelly Patricia O'Meara, investigative journalist, public relations Michael Parenti, Ph.D., author, Superpatriotism and The Terrorism Trap Edward L. Peck, former US Ambassador and Chief of Mission to Iraq, former Deputy Director to the White House Task Force on Terrorism Peter Phillips, Ph.D., professor, Sonoma State University, director, Project Censored Henri Poole, Internet pioneer, board member, Free Software Foundation Robert Rabbin, author, speaker, creator of TruthForPresident.org Paul H. Ray, Ph.D., sociologist, author, The Cultural Creatives John Renesch, business futurist, author, Getting to the Better Future John Rensenbrink, professor emeritus, Bowdoin College, co-founder, US Green Party John Robbins, author, founder, EarthSave International William Rodriguez, 9/11 rescue effort hero, founder, Hispanic Victims Group Neal Rogin, Emmy-award winning writer, performer, social observer Allen Roland, Ph.D., psychotherapist, published author and peace activist Rosemary Radford Ruether, professor of feminist theology, Graduate Theological Union Michael Ruppert, publisher/editor, From The Wilderness, author, Crossing the Rubicon Chris Sanders, founder, Sanders Research Associates Karl W. B. Schwarz, President, CEO, Patmos Nanotechnologies, LLC Peter Dale Scott, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, author, Drugs, Oil, and War Firefighter Kevin Shea, FDNY Hazmat Operations Michelle Shocked, singer/songwriter, activist Indira Singh, risk management and computer systems consultant J. Michael Springmann, attorney, former Foreign Service Officer, US Department of State Douglas Sturm, Ph.D., university professor emeritus, Bucknell University Marjorie Hewit Suchocki, Ph.D., theologian, author Chuck Turner, Boston City Council James W. Walter Jr., venture investor, philanthropist, founder of Walden Three Dan Whaley, E-commerce pioneer, founder of GetThere.com, acquired for $750M Burns H. Weston, J.S.D., Professor of Law Emeritus, Director, Center for Human Rights, U-Iowa Howard Zinn, professor, historian, author, A People's History of the United States Family Members Joanne Barbara, wife of FDNY Asst. Chief of Dept. Gerard Barbara Gayle Barker, sister of William A. Karnes, WTC Michele Bergsohn, wife of Alvin Bergsohn, Cantor Fitzgerald Derrill Bodley, father of Deora Bodley, passenger on Flight 93 Kathryn C. Bowden, sister of Thomas H. Bowden, Jr. WTC1, 104th floor Janet Calia, wife of Dominick Calia, Cantor Fitzgerald, WTC1 Maggie Cashman, wife of William Joseph Cashman, United Flight 93 Lynne Castrianno Galante, sister of Leonard Castrianno, 1WTC, 105th floor Elza Chapa-McGowan, daughter of Rosemary Chapa, Pentagon Bruce De Cell, father-in-law of Mark Petrocelli North Tower, 92nd floor Ralph D'Esposito, father of Michael D'Esposito, WTC, 96th floor Loisanne Diehl, Surviving Spouse, Michael D. Diehl, WTC2, 90th floor Adina D. Eisenberg, sister of Eric Eisenberg, WTC Jonathan M. Fisher, son of Dr. Gerald Paul "Geep" Fisher, Pentagon Michael J. Fox, brother of Jeffrey L. Fox, Tower 2, 89th floor Laurel A. Gay, sister of Peter A. Gay, AA Flight 11 Irene Golinsky, wife of Col. Ronald F. Golinski USA RET, Pentagon Lori, Jerry, and Beatrice Guadagno, sister and parents of Richard Guadagno, Flight 93 Kristen Hall, daughter of fallen firefighter Thomas Kuveikis 9/11 Kurt D. Horning, father of Matthew D. Horning, WTC Tower One, 95th floor Jennifer W. Hunt, wife of William C. Hunt, Euro Brokers John Keating, son of Barbara Keating, passenger on AA Flight 11 L. Russell Keene II, father of Russ Keene III, WTC2, 89th floor, KBW Peter Kousoulis, sister died in WTC Paul & Barbara Kirwin, parents of Glenn Davis Kirwin, Cantor Fitzgerald 105th floor Barbara Krukowski-Rastelli, mother of William E. Krukowski, NYC firefighter Laura and Ira Lassman, parents of Nicholas C. Lassman, died in WTC, Tower One Johnny Lee, husband of Lorraine Greene Alicia LeGuillow, mother of Nestor A. Cintron III Francine Levine, sister of Adam K. Ruhalter, who died on 9/11 Bob McIlvaine, father of Robert McIlvaine, WTC, Merrill Lynch Mary McWilliams, mother of FF Martin E. McWilliams- Engine 22 Daryl J. Meehan, brother of Colleen Ann Barkow, WTC 1, 105th floor Elvira P. Murphy, wife of Patrick Murphy, WTC 1 Natalee Pecorelli, sister of Thomas Pecorelli of Flight 11 James L Perry, M.D and Patricia J. Perry, parents of John W. Perry, Esq., NYPD Officer 9/11 David Potorti, brother of James Potorti, North Tower, WTC, Marsh & McLennan Terry Kay Rockefeller, sister of Laura Rockefeller, North Tower, WTC Grissel Rodriguez-Valentin, wife of Benito Valentin, WTC1, 94th floor Alissa Rosenberg-Torres, widow of Luis Eduardo Torres, post-9/11 mother, writer Elaine Saber, mother of Scott Saber Julie Scarpitta, mother of Michelle Scarpitta, WTC Building 2, 84th floor Paula Shapiro, mother of Eric Eisenberg, WTC2 Elizabeth Turner, wife of Simon Turner, lost on 11th September 2001 Adele Welty, mother of Firefighter Timothy Welty, FDNY, Squad 288 Joan W. Winton, mother of David Winton, WTC, South Tower, 89th floor David Yancey, husband of Vicki Yancey, American Airlines Flight 77 Nissa Youngren, daughter of Robert G. LeBlanc, flight 175 Late Signatories (starting toward 200...) Rita M. Haley, President, National Organization for Women, New York Chapter Immortal Technique, Harlem-based hip-hop artist with Viper Records, Revolutionary I&II Bob Kirkconnell, served in the U.S. Air Force 27 years, reaching the rank of Master Sergeant Dennis Kyne, former Army air medic, 18th Airborne Corps during Gulf War I, musician, author, "Support the Truth" Paul Landis, author, "Stop Bush Now!" Eric H. May, former Army military intelligence officer and media essayist Charles Shaw, Editor, Newtopia Magazine, National Peace Action Coordinator, National Green Party Peter Erlinder, professor, William Mitchell College of Law, past-President National Lawyers Guild Daniel Robert Rezac, 2004 Vice-Presidential Write-In Candidate, former Aviator & Armor Officer, Army National Guard, B.S.B.A. Joel Horwitz, lost beloved cousin in WTC 1 Jessica Murrow, lost husband Stephen Adams, Beverage Manager, Windows on the World, WTC 1 Ellen Mariani, lost husband Neil on Flight 175 Jean Hunt, disabled survivor of Pentagon attack Ralph & Brigitte Sabbag, lost son Jason in WTC 2 FEEL FREE TO RESEARCH ANY NAME ON THE LIST I JUST POSTED!!!
Why do so many 9/11 victims families, Ph.D's and gov't officials insist that 9/11 was an inside job? Virginia Deane Abernethy, Ph.D., anthropologist, author, Population Politics Ed Asner, actor, activist Marshall Auerback, international portfolio strategist for David W. Tice & Associates, Inc. Catherine Austin Fitts, Asst. Secretary of Housing in the first Bush administration Keidi Obi Awadu, aka The Conscious Rasta, talk show host, LIBRadio Michael Badnarik, Libertarian candidate for President Byron Belitsos, publisher, Origin Press, author Planetary Democracy Philip J. Berg, Esquire, former deputy attorney general, Pennsylvania Medea Benjamin, activist, author, co-founder, Global Exchange and Code Pink Dennis Bernstein, investigative reporter, radio host of KPFA's Flashpoints Steve Bhaerman aka Swami Beyondananda, author, political comedian Brad Blanton, Ph.D., psychotherapist, author, Radical Honesty Saniel Bonder, spiritual teacher and author, Great Relief Dr. Robert Bowman, USAF Lt. Col. (Rtd.), founder, Institute for Space and Security Studies John Buchanan, author, candidate for the Republican Party Presidential nomination, 2004 Gray Brechin, Ph.D., author, environmental historian, professor, UC Berkeley Fred Burks, presidential interpreter for Bush, Clinton, Cheney, and Gore Norma Carr-Rufino, Ph.D., author, professor of management, San Francisco State University Angana Chatterji, Ph.D., scholar-activist and professor of anthropology Paul Cienfuegos, co-founder, Democracy Unlimited of Humboldt County David Cobb, attorney, national presidential candidate, US Green Party John Cobb, Ph.D., theologian, co-author, For the Common Good Ernest Callenbach, founder/editor, Film Quarterly, author, Ecotopia Kevin Danaher, Ph.D., author, speaker, co-founder, Global Exchange Stephen Dinan, author, Radical Spirit Ronnie Dugger, journalist/author, co-founder, Alliance for Democracy Daniel Ellsberg, author, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers Jodie Evans, co-founder, Code Pink Richard Falk, Professor Emeritus of International Law, Princeton University Michael Franti, musician, filmmaker, human rights worker Janeane Garofalo, actress, comedienne, talk show host, Air America Radio Jim Garrison, Ph.D., president, State of the World Forum, author, America as Empire Bruce Gagnon, Chair, Global Network Against Weapons & Nuclear Power in Space Ric Giardina, author, consultant, speaker, former Director of Trademarks and Brands for Intel John Gray, Ph.D., #1 bestselling author, Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus Stan Goff, 25-year Army Special Ops veteran, author, Full Spectrum Disorder Melvin Goodman, senior fellow, Center for International Policy, author, former Senior Analyst, CIA, professor, National War College Morton Goulder, Deputy Secretary for Intelligence and Warning under Nixon, Ford, and Carter David Ray Griffin, Ph.D., theologian, author, New Pearl Harbor Doris "Granny D" Haddock, campaign finance crusader, NH Democratic candidate for Senate Thom Hartmann, radio host; author, Unequal Protection Richie Havens, singer, songwriter, performer, artist Paul Hawken, bestselling author, environmentalist, entrepreneur, founder of Smith & Hawken Randy Hayes, founder, Rainforest Action Network, US National Director, Direction Conservation Richard Heinberg, author, The Party's Over, core faculty, New College of California Van Jones, executive director, Ella Baker Center for Human Rights Rob Kall, editor, OpEdNews.com, president, Futurehealth, Inc. Georgia Kelly, executive director, Praxis Peace Institute Sean Kelly, Ph.D., author, professor of philosophy and religion, CA Institute of Integral Studies John Joseph Kennedy, Democratic Write-in Presidential Candidate for 2004 Mimi Kennedy, actress, Dharma and Greg, progressive activist Faiz Khan, M.D., Triage Emergency Physician on 9/11, Assistant Imam David Korten, author, When Corporations Rule the World Frances Moore Lapp?, author, Diet for a Small Planet; founder, Small Planet Institute Scott M. Legere, 25 year radio broadcaster as Scott Ledger, Tampa FL Rabbi Michael Lerner, editor, TIKKUN Magazine, author, Healing Israel/Palestine Michael Levine, bestselling author of Deep Cover, journalist, 25-year veteran of the DEA Joanna Macy, Ph.D., eco-philosopher, author Enver Masud, founder, The Wisdom Fund, author, The Truth About Islam John McCarthy, former Special Forces Captain, president, Veterans Equal Rights Protection Advocacy Ray McGovern, former CIA analyst, co-founder, Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity Cynthia McKinney, five-term Congresswoman from Georgia Ralph Metzner, Ph.D., author, professor, co-founder, Green Earth Foundation Mark Crispin Miller, media critic, author, professor, New York University Joseph W. Montaperto, New York City Fire Department Leuren Moret, geoscientist, radiation specialist, environmental commissioner Ralph Nader, Independent candidate for President Craig Neal, author, co-founder, The Heartland Institute, former publisher, Utne Reader Jeff Norman, executive director, Tour of Duty Jenna Orkin, Esquire, World Trade Center Environmental Organization Kelly Patricia O'Meara, investigative journalist, public relations Michael Parenti, Ph.D., author, Superpatriotism and The Terrorism Trap Edward L. Peck, former US Ambassador and Chief of Mission to Iraq, former Deputy Director to the White House Task Force on Terrorism Peter Phillips, Ph.D., professor, Sonoma State University, director, Project Censored Henri Poole, Internet pioneer, board member, Free Software Foundation Robert Rabbin, author, speaker, creator of TruthForPresident.org Paul H. Ray, Ph.D., sociologist, author, The Cultural Creatives John Renesch, business futurist, author, Getting to the Better Future John Rensenbrink, professor emeritus, Bowdoin College, co-founder, US Green Party John Robbins, author, founder, EarthSave International William Rodriguez, 9/11 rescue effort hero, founder, Hispanic Victims Group Neal Rogin, Emmy-award winning writer, performer, social observer Allen Roland, Ph.D., psychotherapist, published author and peace activist Rosemary Radford Ruether, professor of feminist theology, Graduate Theological Union Michael Ruppert, publisher/editor, From The Wilderness, author, Crossing the Rubicon Chris Sanders, founder, Sanders Research Associates Karl W. B. Schwarz, President, CEO, Patmos Nanotechnologies, LLC Peter Dale Scott, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, author, Drugs, Oil, and War Firefighter Kevin Shea, FDNY Hazmat Operations Michelle Shocked, singer/songwriter, activist Indira Singh, risk management and computer systems consultant J. Michael Springmann, attorney, former Foreign Service Officer, US Department of State Douglas Sturm, Ph.D., university professor emeritus, Bucknell University Marjorie Hewit Suchocki, Ph.D., theologian, author Chuck Turner, Boston City Council James W. Walter Jr., venture investor, philanthropist, founder of Walden Three Dan Whaley, E-commerce pioneer, founder of GetThere.com, acquired for $750M Burns H. Weston, J.S.D., Professor of Law Emeritus, Director, Center for Human Rights, U-Iowa Howard Zinn, professor, historian, author, A People's History of the United States Family Members Joanne Barbara, wife of FDNY Asst. Chief of Dept. Gerard Barbara Gayle Barker, sister of William A. Karnes, WTC Michele Bergsohn, wife of Alvin Bergsohn, Cantor Fitzgerald Derrill Bodley, father of Deora Bodley, passenger on Flight 93 Kathryn C. Bowden, sister of Thomas H. Bowden, Jr. WTC1, 104th floor Janet Calia, wife of Dominick Calia, Cantor Fitzgerald, WTC1 Maggie Cashman, wife of William Joseph Cashman, United Flight 93 Lynne Castrianno Galante, sister of Leonard Castrianno, 1WTC, 105th floor Elza Chapa-McGowan, daughter of Rosemary Chapa, Pentagon Bruce De Cell, father-in-law of Mark Petrocelli North Tower, 92nd floor Ralph D'Esposito, father of Michael D'Esposito, WTC, 96th floor Loisanne Diehl, Surviving Spouse, Michael D. Diehl, WTC2, 90th floor Adina D. Eisenberg, sister of Eric Eisenberg, WTC Jonathan M. Fisher, son of Dr. Gerald Paul "Geep" Fisher, Pentagon Michael J. Fox, brother of Jeffrey L. Fox, Tower 2, 89th floor Laurel A. Gay, sister of Peter A. Gay, AA Flight 11 Irene Golinsky, wife of Col. Ronald F. Golinski USA RET, Pentagon Lori, Jerry, and Beatrice Guadagno, sister and parents of Richard Guadagno, Flight 93 Kristen Hall, daughter of fallen firefighter Thomas Kuveikis 9/11 Kurt D. Horning, father of Matthew D. Horning, WTC Tower One, 95th floor Jennifer W. Hunt, wife of William C. Hunt, Euro Brokers John Keating, son of Barbara Keating, passenger on AA Flight 11 L. Russell Keene II, father of Russ Keene III, WTC2, 89th floor, KBW Peter Kousoulis, sister died in WTC Paul & Barbara Kirwin, parents of Glenn Davis Kirwin, Cantor Fitzgerald 105th floor Barbara Krukowski-Rastelli, mother of William E. Krukowski, NYC firefighter Laura and Ira Lassman, parents of Nicholas C. Lassman, died in WTC, Tower One Johnny Lee, husband of Lorraine Greene Alicia LeGuillow, mother of Nestor A. Cintron III Francine Levine, sister of Adam K. Ruhalter, who died on 9/11 Bob McIlvaine, father of Robert McIlvaine, WTC, Merrill Lynch Mary McWilliams, mother of FF Martin E. McWilliams- Engine 22 Daryl J. Meehan, brother of Colleen Ann Barkow, WTC 1, 105th floor Elvira P. Murphy, wife of Patrick Murphy, WTC 1 Natalee Pecorelli, sister of Thomas Pecorelli of Flight 11 James L Perry, M.D and Patricia J. Perry, parents of John W. Perry, Esq., NYPD Officer 9/11 David Potorti, brother of James Potorti, North Tower, WTC, Marsh & McLennan Terry Kay Rockefeller, sister of Laura Rockefeller, North Tower, WTC Grissel Rodriguez-Valentin, wife of Benito Valentin, WTC1, 94th floor Alissa Rosenberg-Torres, widow of Luis Eduardo Torres, post-9/11 mother, writer Elaine Saber, mother of Scott Saber Julie Scarpitta, mother of Michelle Scarpitta, WTC Building 2, 84th floor Paula Shapiro, mother of Eric Eisenberg, WTC2 Elizabeth Turner, wife of Simon Turner, lost on 11th September 2001 Adele Welty, mother of Firefighter Timothy Welty, FDNY, Squad 288 Joan W. Winton, mother of David Winton, WTC, South Tower, 89th floor David Yancey, husband of Vicki Yancey, American Airlines Flight 77 Nissa Youngren, daughter of Robert G. LeBlanc, flight 175 Late Signatories (starting toward 200...) Rita M. Haley, President, National Organization for Women, New York Chapter Immortal Technique, Harlem-based hip-hop artist with Viper Records, Revolutionary I&II Bob Kirkconnell, served in the U.S. Air Force 27 years, reaching the rank of Master Sergeant Dennis Kyne, former Army air medic, 18th Airborne Corps during Gulf War I, musician, author, "Support the Truth" Paul Landis, author, "Stop Bush Now!" Eric H. May, former Army military intelligence officer and media essayist Charles Shaw, Editor, Newtopia Magazine, National Peace Action Coordinator, National Green Party Peter Erlinder, professor, William Mitchell College of Law, past-President National Lawyers Guild Daniel Robert Rezac, 2004 Vice-Presidential Write-In Candidate, former Aviator & Armor Officer, Army National Guard, B.S.B.A. Joel Horwitz, lost beloved cousin in WTC 1 Jessica Murrow, lost husband Stephen Adams, Beverage Manager, Windows on the World, WTC 1 Ellen Mariani, lost husband Neil on Flight 175 Jean Hunt, disabled survivor of Pentagon attack Ralph & Brigitte Sabbag, lost son Jason in WTC 2 FEEL FREE TO RESEARCH ANY NAME ON THE LIST! Hey Prince. What's the difference?
Can anyone put this into an outline for me?? 10 points!!? Ida Tarbell helped transform journalism by introducing what is called today investigative journalism. Through her achievements she not only helped to expand the role of the newspaper in modern society and stimulate the Progressive reform movement, but she also became a role model for women wishing to become professional journalists.Born on the oil frontier of western Pennsylvania in 1857, Tarbell was among the first women to graduate from Allegheny College in 1880. After trying her hand at the more traditional women's job of teaching, Tarbell began writing and editing a magazine for the Methodist Church. Then, after studying in France for a few years, she joined S. S. McClure's new reform-minded magazine in 1894. Initially she wrote two popular biographical series--on Napoleon and Abraham Lincoln. In 1902, she embarked on her ground breaking study of John D. Rockefeller�s Standard Oil Company, or what was called the Standard Oil Trust. Her History of the Standard Oil Company, published in 1904, was a landmark work of expos� journalism that became known as "muckraking." Her exposure of Rockefeller's unfair business methods outraged the public and led the government to prosecute the company for violations of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. As a result, after years of precedent-setting litigation, the Supreme Court upheld the break-up of Standard Oil.As the most famous woman journalist of her time, Tarbell founded the American Magazine in 1906. She authored biographies of several important businessmen and wrote a series of articles about an extremely controversial issue of her day, the tariff imposed on goods imported from foreign countries. Of this series President Woodrow Wilson commented, �She has written more good sense, good plain common sense, about the tariff than any man I know of.�During World War I she joined the efforts to improve the plight of working women. In 1922, The New York Times named her one of the "Twelve Greatest American Women." It was journalism like hers that inspired Americans of the early twentieth century to seek reform in our government, in our economic structures, and in our urban areas. Along with other muckrakers like Lincoln Steffens, Ray Stannard Baker, and Upton Sinclair, Tarbell ushered in reform journalism. Ever since, newspapers have played a leading role as the watchdogs and consciences of our political, economic, and social lives.Although Tarbell was not, herself an advocate of women�s issues or women�s rights, as the most prominent woman active in the muckraking movement and one of the most respected business historians of her generation, Tarbell succeeded in a "male" world � the world of journalism, business analysis, and world affairs, thus helping to open the door to other women seeking careers in journalism and, later, in broadcasting.By the early 1900s, John D. Rockefeller Sr. had finished building his oil empire. For over 30 years, he had applied his uncanny shrewdness, thorough intelligence, and patient vision to the creation of an industrial organization without parallel in the world. The new century found him facing his most formidable rival ever--not another businessman, but a 45-year-old woman determined to prove that Standard Oil had never played fair. The result, Ida Tarbell’s magazine series "The History of the Standard Oil Company," would not only change the history of journalism, but also the fate of Rockefeller’s empire, shaken by the powerful pen of its most implacable observer.Born in a log home in Hatch Hollow, northwestern Pennsylvania, on November 5, 1857, Ida Minerva Tarbell grew up amid the derricks of the Oil Region. Her father, Frank Tarbell, built wooden oil storage tanks and later became an oil producer and refiner. "Things were going well in father’s business," she would write years later. "There was ease such as we had never known; luxuries we had never heard of… Then suddenly [our] gay, prosperous town received a blow between the eyes." The 1872 South Improvement scheme, a hidden agreement between the railroads and refiners led by John D. Rockefeller, hit the Pennsylvania Oil Region like a tidal wave. It hit the Tarbells too, leaving behind painful memories that would be rekindled thirty years later. "Out of the alarm and bitterness and confusion, I gathered from my father’s talk a conviction to which I still hold -- that what had been undertaken was wrong."After graduating from Allegheny College, the sole woman in the class of 1880, Tarbell moved to Ohio to teach science, but resigned after two years. She would find her true calling just months later back in Pennsylvania, when she met the editor of a small magazine, "The Chautauquan," published in Meadville, Pennsylvania. Tarbell’s inquisitive mind and her determination to have a career pushed her to become intensely invested in her writing and research projects. At 34, fascinated by the story of Madame Roland, the leader of an influential salon during the French Revolution, she moved to Pari
What is wrong with Obama cutting military spending? Are Americans that dumb? Do we have the Mongols next door threatening to invade? Is our freedom really in jeopardy, other than maybe from the Chinese, who basically own this country thanks to Republicans? Even if you have family in the military, you have to admit that by getting us out of Iraq and Afghanistan and cutting spending, it will benefit your other family members at home in the way of more jobs, money for public services and so on. So even if the Armed Services had to cut jobs and defense projects had to be scaled back, the government will spend more money at home to employ domestic federal workers, which will create more jobs. This isn't the same as France in WWII or Persia during the Greek Empire. There's no one around that's going to invade us anytime soon. Why can't idiots here get that? On that same subject matter, Obama is not a freaking terrorist, anti-American or member of Al-Qaeda. I find it embarrassing that Americans are writing in to newspapers and saying that. They are! Isn't that embarrassing? Patrick B., that was an inspirational post. I knew a graduate student assistant that used to work for the Department of Defense before he turned hippie and went back to college. He claimed soldiers got paid well, you know, with housing and other benefits. I see what you're saying though, soldiers do get paid and treated like crap while the money is spent frivolously. What you said is certainly true and disgusting. I appreciated your post, it was enlightening.
Do You Really Want Your Elected Officials To Worship A 40 foot Stone Owl Idol?..? There is a place where the world's decision makers and the wealthiest men of the planet annually go a perform mock human sacrifices,dress in drag, engage in homosexual activity and perform ritualistic ceremonies to a 40 foot stone owl idol. The place is an all male, exclusive members only,retreat set in the California coastal redwood forest called The Bohemian Grove. see: informationliberation.com, and for more info on this matter Google it,' Bohemian Grove' . Also, does any one know anything about 'The Franklin Cover up'? Google 'Omaha child prostitution ring' see Johhnygosch.com These subjects have direct ties to the White House.....http://www.cremationofcare.com/images/bohemian_grove/gallery/xbo15.jpg Please relate to me what your opinion is about these serious scary activities Can anyone propose a solution on how to rid our government of wicked practitioners of such heinous activities? How can we uncover the intentions of our leaders, and if they have ties to forwarding a hidden evil agenda(s) that may bring about a New World Order of Tyranny and Enslavement? I don't want to unwittingly help their cause by backing a politician(s) or being a consumer of some world wide company's products that are funding such things . IF these practices are done in secret and there is a code that such members go by to further their evil ambitions, how can we, as middle class Americans stop it, or at least expose it so we are given a choice about the matter?Why the secrecy? I do not want my tax dollars, my money, funding such goings on in no shape or fashion ! How can we protest such activities with out ending up murdered or drugged and sentenced to the loony bin forever? Does anyone know about NASA's' Project Blue Beam'? What in the world is going on?! Why don't we, as Americans know more about things like this? What can we do ? We are losing our souls people!! And 'they' are doing it right under our noses.We sleep and don't guard our precious freedoms and guess who is plotting to take your individual freedoms away?All the while practicing Luciferian type ceremonies and objectives. Totally depressing and helpless this leaves me. What can we do ?Are we doomed to wake up too late only to find our selves enslaved to some evil empire ?I mean if they were blatantly Christian and secretly only practiced backing and passing Christian based laws and institutions, and only funding such, there would be a whirlwind of press and public out cry and civil lawsuits etc,.,They would be cast out of the political arena faster than you could say 'dominion'. What in the world have we allowed to happen? Like a thief in the night my freedom of choices seem stolen from me, Freedom of information and disclosure don't seem to mean anything anymore.....((sigh)) What will we do? PLEASE ONLY SERIOUS MINDED COMMENTS. I don't need you to tell me about meds and I don't think anyone should be making fun or rude comments on something they know nothing about or care to know about. OUR COUNTRY IS IN A DANGEROUS PLACE AS FAR AS THE RULING CLASS GOES AND WE HAVE NO ONE TO BLAME BUT OURSELVES AND PEOPLE LIKE THE FIRST ANSWER(ER) "Jeremy W" FOR ALLOWING LIARS AND SHEEP IN WOLVES CLOTHING TO PLOT AND IMPLEMENT THE BONDAGE OF OUR CIVIL LIBERTIES AND OUR RIGHT TO CHOOSE. AMERIKA WHAT ARE YOUR POLICY MAKERS DOING IN SECRET?THIS IS THE ANTI CHRIST. ANTI -CHRIST IS NOT JUST ONE PERSON IT IS A THING THAT IS AGAINST CHRIST. Thank you Pluto for your comment! I appreciate it! Fight the good fight !!!!
The top priory of the president--commander in chief is to protect the people. Do you feel safe under Obama? The commander-in-chief;that is the pesident's most important role. So now, all this talk of his first 100 days doesn't really address his display of setting Americans up for harm world wide. President Obama, has reversed many long-standing national security policies since taking over the White House. Ones that ensured our safety for 8 years. The speed and lack of transparent analysis and robust debate on these choices raises serious questions about the prudence and efficacy of national security decision-making in the new White House. The Administration must develop more deliberate means for formulating its national security policies and immediately move to review the rash decisions made since taking office. Yes, haste does make waste! What has Mr. Obama been doing these 100 days? Which has it been? Leading or Campaigning? The Obama Administration has directed shifts in direction without clear strategic rationale. For example take the change on Cuba; what was that all about. The Castros are thugs! The President declared that "50 years" of U.S. policy had not worked as justification for reversing long-standing U.S. policies to isolate the Cuban dictatorship. This explanation is fatuous. If the U.S. had followed a similar strategy with the Soviet Union, it would have abandoned containment and left Russia and half of Europe controlled by a nuclear-armed evil empire. What is most troubling and unexamined with this decision is how other dictators will interpret the seriousness of U.S. opposition to a dictatorial regime and its willingness to persevere against oppression and systemic violations of human and civil rights. G.W.Bush left Obama a serious missle system; not completed, but the best in the world. So, what does Obama decide to do? He wants to dumb down the missile defense system that is the greatest legacy G.W. Bush gave to him regarding American safety. The President approved a cut of about 15 percent of the Pentagon's budget for missile defense and abandoning deploying defenses in Western Europe. In addition, the White House downplayed the U.S. response to provocative missile launches by Iran and North Korea, as well as failing to obtain a serious U.N. Security Council response to either incident. Despite the advance of the North Korean and Iranian long-range missile programs, the Administration justified its decision by declaring it was more important to focus on "regional missile threats." The rationale for this decision is opaque. The ballistic missile threat has not diminished; in fact it is growing. The need to defend the United States and Western Europe has not changed. Abrupt changes in missile defense programs (that have been under development for over a decade) make no sense. He is to gut the defense budget. In a speech previewing the impending release of next year's defense budget, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced deep cuts in procurement programs. In addition, the Administration is phasing-out supplemental spending, shifting the costs of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan into the "core" Pentagon budget. That will leave even less money for buying new equipment. The decision included eliminating "Cold War" weapons systems, including the F-22 stealth fighter aircraft and next-generation Navy destroyer. Sounds like a commander in cuief to you? Projected Administration defense budgets over the next five years may underfund defense spending by over a trillion dollars. On Homeland Security' you REALLY feel safe with the dim-wit he picked as the head of it? OMG, lucky Canada did not declare war upon us ...What a no-brained Security leader we now have..You still feel safe? Administration officials have issued a plethora of ambivalent and contradictory statements on homeland security and counterterrorism policies since 9/11. Both the President and the secretary of homeland security have been reticent on the threat of transnational terrorism. The Department of Homeland Security has shown signs of reversing Bush Administration strategies on border security and immigration enforcement. The Administration lacks a coherent approach to homeland security and has adopted these steps before undertaking the congressionally mandated Quadrennial Homeland Security Review --(QHSR).--- And, oh how sweet. The President has promised the closure of the detention facilities at Guantanamo Bay and repudiated interrogation policies. In addition, the Administration has been unclear about its support for vitally important legislation reauthorizing critical investigation tools granted under the USA PATRIOT Act. While the President has dismissed Bush's policies on combating terrorism, the Administration has not offered a credible alternative to address the pre-9/11 problems identified by the 9/11 commission. This gap could leave the nation at risk.Or, maybe just give all the detainees loli-pops! And, I wonder just how Obaamas will feel when we get attacked. As Joe Biden guara
Anti-JWs: Are the churches false prophets based on these few accounts? THE ISSUE IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE LUTHERAN CHURCH One of the most prominent of the Protestant religious bodies is the Lutheran* Church. The progenitor of the Lutheran Church was the Reformer, Martin Luther, who was born in 1483 and died in 1546. Deteriorating events during the 1500s in Europe led Luther to predict that the end of the world was imminent. According to one authority** Luther stated. "For my part, I am sure that the day of judgment is just around the corner. It doesn’t matter that we don't know the precise day... perhaps someone else can figure it out. But it is certain that time is now at an end." Another researcher*** noted: "For Luther there was a clear pattern of degeneration in world history... by correlating historical events with Biblical prophecies Luther could announce the nearness of the final cataclysm -- and deliverance for believers -- with relative certainty... (Luther) was thus sure that his own time was the ‘time of the end' referred to in Daniel 12, when the meaning of these prophecies was to be revealed." * According to the Handbook of Denominations in the United States, Sixth Edition, by Frank S. Mead, there were eight different Lutheran religious bodies in the United States in 1979, among them were "the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod" and the "American Lutheran Church". ** Reformation Principles and Practice: Essays in Honor of Arthur Geoffrey Dickens, Page 169. *** Robin Bruce Barnes, Prophecy and Gnosis-Apocalypticism in the Wake of the Lutheran Reformation, Pages 32, 40. Continuing the heralding of imminent disaster after Luther's death, collections of his prophecies appeared regularly. Some were brief pamphlets like "The Several Prophetic Statements of Doctor Martin Luther, the Third Elias" (1552). In this material, Lutheran writers stated that*, "Luther had prophesied that after he died the Gospel would disappear". A zealous Lutheran named Adam Nachenmoser wrote a large volume titled Prognostican Theologicum in about 1584. In this work, Nachenmoser attempted to interpret all the prophecies in the Bible. In one case, he predicted that**, "...In 1590 the Gospel would be preached to all nations and a wonderful unity would be achieved... the last day would then be close at hand. Nachenmoser offered numerous conjectures about the date; 1635 seemed most likely...". Another Lutheran leader, Andreas Osiander, wrote Conjectures on the Last Days and the End of the World (Latin 1544 and German in 1545). It is stated in this work*** that... "The downfall of the Antichrist was projected for 1672. A period of some sixteen years would follow during which the Gospel would be preached throughout the world. At the end of this time, just as people began to think that all was well and they could live as they pleased, a terrible punishment would befall them and the Lord would come like a thief in the night." All of these Lutheran predictions failed. THE ISSUE IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH The mammoth Roman Catholic Church also has a history of predictions that never occurred. Gregory I, who was Pope from 590-604 C.E., predicted that the end of the world was imminent in a letter he wrote to Ethelbert, a European monarch. He advised **** "Further, we also wish Your Majesty to know, as we have learned from the words of Almighty God in Holy Scriptures, that the end of the present world is already near and that the unending Kingdom of the Saints is approaching. As this same end of the world is drawing nigh, many unusual things will happen - climatic changes, terrors from heaven... All these things are not to come in our own days, but they will all follow upon our times." * Robin Bruce Barnes, Prophecy and Gnosis-Apocalypticism in the Wake of the Lutheran Reformation, Page 64. ** IBID., Pages 121, 122 *** IBID., Page 116 **** Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End—Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages, Page 64, Published 1979. Later,* "About the year 950, Adso, a monk in a monastery of Western Franconia, wrote a treatise on Antichrist, in which he assigned a later time to his coming, and also to the end of the world... ‘A Frank King', he says, ‘will rewrite the Roman Empire, and abdicate on Mount Olivet, and on the dissolution of his kingdom, the Antichrist will be revealed.'". No major study on this subject would be complete without reference to the predictions of Roman Catholic Abbot, Joachim of Fiore, a celebrated writer and clergyman. One authority** observed, "The most original prophetic thinker of the high medieval period was the Calabrian Abbot Joachim of Fiore (1131-1202)... In his most influential writings, Joachim interpreted history through the Bible as a progressive unfolding of three stages, each of which was ruled over by one person of the Trinity. The age of the Father, an age of fear and obedience under the Law, had been consummated in the coming of Christ. The Age of the Son was the present epoch of faith and tutelage under the Gospel. It would be followed in turn by the age of the Holy Spirit... This third and last historical stage, in which human history would be consummated, was already dawning in the late twelfth century; Joachim expected its full realization within a few generations after the year 1200...". Another Roman Catholic, Arnald of Villanova,*** predicted that the Antichrist would appear in 1378 C.E. It is obviously clear that all of these Roman Catholic predictions failed. THE ISSUE IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE BAPTIST CHURCH The Baptist Church****, composed of many branches, is one of the most prominent of the Protestant churches in the world. It also has made its share of speculative predictions. * M'Clintock and Strong's Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological & Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1, Page 257. ** Robin Bruce Barnes, Prophecy and Gnosis-Apocalypticism in the Wake of the Lutheran Reformation, Page 22. *** McGinn, Visions of the End, P. 147, and Prophecy and Gnosis-Apocal One of the first Baptist groups,* "The Anabaptists of the early Sixteenth Century believed that the Millenium would occur in 1533." Today, on the subject of Christ's millenial rule, one camp of the Baptist Church must be found. to be in error regarding predictions, since there are basically two conflicting prophetic viewpoints held within the Church. Authors O.K. Armstrong and Marjorie Armstrong made this clear in Chapter 17 of their volume The Indomitable Baptists: In the early 1900s, the well-known Dr. Isaac M. Haldeman, Pastor of the First Baptist Church in New York City, predicted that before the Jews return to Palestine that the Antichrist would appear. These are false predictions made by the churches.. First you say false predictions makes a group false prophets now you're saying it doesn't? Why change your tune now?
can you answers theses S.S ?s (short answers) Thankyou!!? 11. What was the Stamp Act? 12.What country was the first to recognize America as a country? 13.What was the Treaty of Paris? 18.What was the Estates-General? 19.What and were did the 3rd Estate meet?What were their goals? 20.What were the National Convention's goals and concerns? 21.What was the Reign of Terror?Who?What happened?Why? 22.What was the Republic of Virtue?Why?What happened? 23.What was The Directory?Who?What happened?Why? 24.What power did Napoleon have? 25.What was Napoleon's first goal after coming to powe?Why? 26.What were the dependant states? 27.What were the allied forces? 28.What was the European responses to Napoleon? 29.Why did Napoleon's Empire fall? 30.What was the Continental System? 31.What was the disaster in Russia?Who?What happened?Why? 32.What was Napoleon's last defeat?What person did he lose against? 33.What was one of the first industries to be affected by the Industrial Revolution? 34.What did the factory labor system create? 35.What was the social change brought about by the Industrial Revolution? 36.List the Allied powers 37.List the Central Powers 38.What is conscription?What role did militarism play in the early 1900's? 39.When and what happened to Archduke Ferdinand? 40.What was the Austrian-Hungary and German respnses? 41.What was the Schlieffen Plan? 42.How long did people think the WWI was going to last? 43.What is propaganda and why was it used during WWI/ 44.What is trench warfare?What types of weapons were used? 45/What was the sinking of Lusitania?When?Where? 46.What caused the U.S. entry to WWI? 47.What was the Zimmerman Note? 48.What is total war? 49.What is armstice? 50.What were the costs of war? 51.What are the reparations?Who had to pay it? 52.Name the governments that collapsed after WWI? 53.What were the BIG THREE?Why and where did they meet? 54.What was the LEague of Nations?Who started it? 55.What was the Treaty of Versailles?Who started it? 56.What new countries were created/ 57.Why did the U.S. not join the League of NAtions? 58.What is imperialism? 59.What is conscription? 60.Why did many Europeans nations set up colonies? 61.What was the open door policy/ 62.What was the Boxer rebellion? 63.Waht is indirect rule?What is direct rule? 64.What government was is power before Lenin took over? 65.What started WWII? 66.Waht is blitzkrieg? 67.When was Peral HArbor?Who were the key players? 68.What was the Battle of Midway?Who was the commanders in the PAcific? 69.Who was the leader of the Battle of Normandy?Whatwas the result? 70.What was Nazism?Why was it appealing? 71.Discuss the ABttle of Britain? 72.What did Hitler violate in the Treaty of Versailes? 73.Discuss rationing and war bond? 74.What was the Manhattan project?What were the 2 cities affected by the bomb?What was the name of the plane?What was the result? 75.What was the result of the Potsdam Conference? 76.When was D-Day? 77.List the Allied powers.List the Axis powers.During WWII. 78.What were the Nuremburg Trials? 79.Discuss the BAttle of Coral Sea? 80.What was the non-aggression pact? 81.Discuss the Yalta Conference 82.Who said an "iron curtain' had descended across the continent? 83.What was the containment policy used for? 84.What was the Berlin Airlift?Who was involved/ 85.What was the Marshal Plan? 86.What was NATO?Who were the original members? 87.Why did Americans fear the Russian satellite Sputnik I? 88.Who was the U.S. senator responsible for an anti-communists movement known as the "Red Scare"? 89.What did the Truman Doctrine states? 90.WHy was the Ber lin Wall built? 91.What was the U.S. policy to stop the spread of communism toward the Soviet Union? 92.What President signed the Civil Rights Act? 93.Who was the President during the Cuban Missile Crisis? 94.Who was Leonardo Davinci? 95.Define Secular? 96.Who was the leader of the Protestant Reformation?What was the first Protestant faith?What did the Ninety-five theses state? 97.What was the Renaissance? 98.What is mercantilism? 99.What was the Middle passage? 100.Who was Columbus?What did he go to to his grave thinking he discovered?
Does this facts prove that greeks are stolling Macedonian history?? Macedonia and Alexander were never greeks? Documents of the Continued Existence of Macedonia and the Macedonian Nation for a period of over 2500 years What follows are documents that speak of the continued existence of Macedonia and of the Macedonian nation through the last 25 centuries. Macedonia is clearly distinguished from Greece (Hellas), Thrace, Illyria, Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Macedonians are likewise distinguished as distinct nation from the Greeks, Thracians, Illyrians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians, as nation which continued to exist and survive trough the centuries (makedonika.org). 500 B.C. - 500 A.D. Macedonia and the Macedonians as distinct nation in the works of the ancient Greek, Roman, and Jewish historians, as well in the works of the modern German, French, English, American historians. 586 A.D. From the "Miracles of St. Demetrius of Salonika, I ": "...For if one was to imagine them in a heap, not only the Macedonians gathered in Salonika... Certainly he who inspired the Macedonians with courage..." Mirac. I, 13, p.1285-14; 1313 758-759 A.D. From the Chronographia of Theophanes the Confessor "That year Constantine plundered the Sclavinii throughout Macedonia and subjugated the rest." Theoph., I, p.430, 21-22. From the Chronographia Tripertita by Anastasius Bibliothecarius: "In the eighteenth year of his reign, Constantine enslaved the Sclavinii of Macedonia and he subjugated the rest." A. B., p.282, 20-21. 8th Century From Strabonos Epithomatus: "And now, in that way almost all of Epirus, Hellada, the Peloponnese and Macedonia have also been settled by the Skiti-Slavs." C. Muller, Geographi graeci minores, Paris 1882, p.574. 821-823 A.D. From the letter of Michael II to the honorable Ludwig: "Thomas...having gathered our barges and dromon, had the opportunity to arrive in (some) parts of Thrace and Macedonia." Mansi, Michaelis Belbi et Theophilii....Florentinae, 1759 904 From On the Capture of Salonika by John Cametinae: "...I introduce you to the same, the great and the first city of the Macedonians..." J.K. Begunov, Kozma Prezviter v slavjanskih literaturah, Sofia 1976, p. 297 First half of 10th C. From On the Themes by Constantine Porphyrogenitus: "... So from a kingdom Macedonia turned into a province and now it has reached the position of a theme and strategy." C. Porfirogenito, De thematibus, Citta del Vaticano, 1952. 986 From the History of Leo the Deacon: "...since they robbed the region of the Macedonians mercilessly, destroying all adults.". Leonis Diaconi Historiae, Paris 1864, p. 311. 1041 From the Annals of Bari: "...he had already written to Sicily from where the unfortunate Macedonians, Paulicians and Calbrians arrived." G.H. Pertz, Annales Barenses, Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores V, p.53. 1064 From the Chronicle of John Zonaras: "The Uzians...invaded Macedonia and plundered it, and reached Hellada". Ioannis Zonorae Epitomae historiarum, Vol. VIII, Ed. Th. Buttner-Wobst, Bonnae 1897, p.678. 1072-1073 From the History of Necephorus Vryenius: "...for the Scythians were carrying out sudden attacks in Thrace and Macedonia." Nicephori Bryenii commentarii, Ed. A. Meicke, Bonnae 1836, p.100, 102. 1083-1085 From De expeditione Yerosolymitana by Radulfo Cadonis: "...Beomund Guiscard sailed across the Adriatic and occupied Macedonia." Tancredi in expeditione Yerosolymitana ....Paris, 1854, p.499. c. 1106 From the letter of Theophylactes of Ohrid to Gregorius Camaterus: "...do not retain such a man in the narrow regions of our Macedonia...". Theophylacti, col. 496, B-C. Beginning of 12th Century From the Byzantine satire Timarion: "The day of Saint Demetrius in (Salonika) is as great a festival as the Panathinei in Athens or Panionii in Miletus; it is a grand Macedonian celebration in which not only the Macedonian people gather, but people of all sorts and from all directions: Greeks from different regions of Hellada, the Mizian tribes...". Vizantiiski Vremenik, Moscow VI 1953, p. 367. 1185 "Woe, woe, the city of Salonika is captured, I say, the metropolis of the Macedonians." Ephraimi Chronologici caesares; Ed. J.P. Migne - PG 143 , Paris 1891, p.198. Beginning of 13th C. From the synod records of the Ohrid Archibishopric: "Ioannis Ierakar by birth Macedonian". J. Pitra, Analacta sacra et classica specilegio Solesmensi parta, t. VI Juris ecclesiastici graecorum selecta paralipomena. Parissis et Romae 1891, col. 315. 1246 Ser was one a large city, but the Bulgarian Ivan had demolished when besieging it and other Macedonian cities. Georgii Acropolitae Opera, Recensuit A. Haisenberg vol. I, Lipsiae 1903, p.74-75, 77 1282-1321 ...that king's alliance is certain and unanswering, just as long as he can settle near to Macedonia. While he was spending his time on these (matters), the protostrator Theodore Sinadinus, once freed from the West, arrived in Byzantium. He governed Prilep, the neighbouring regions and the lower Macedonian towns. Ioan Cantacuzeni Historiarum libri IV, Ed. J.P.Migne - PG Paris 1866, p.94 1305 At the battle of Apros in 1305 there were five syntaxeis, differentiated by ethnicity: the Alans and Tourkopouloi in the van, followed by the Macedonians, the Anatolians, the Vlach infantry and the Thelematarioi. The Late Byzantine Army. Mark C. Bartusis 1992. p.256 1326 ...I beleive you know that Strimon...is the largest of all those that biscet Thrace and Macedonia... Nicephore Gregoras, Correspondence. Paris 1927, p.30-50. Middle 14th C. ...Stefan became king of the Tribals. After he had set off from the region of the Ionian Sea, he razed Epidamnus to the ground, went into Macedonia and made Skopje the capital... The king left the city of Skopje, taking with him men experienced in battle and a strong army and subordinated to his rule the places in the vicinity of Kastoria. Then having moved camp, he subjugated all of Macedonia, except for Terma... Laonici Chalcocondiae Historiarum. Ed. J. P. Migne - PG t.CLIX (Paris, 1866) col. 36, B-37, C. 1349 (Code of) the honorable and Christ-loving Macedonian Tsar Stefan, Serbian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dalmation, Arbanasian, Hungarian Wallachian and indipendent ruler of many other regions and lands... Lj. Stojanovic, Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi. Knj. III, Beograd 1905, p. 41 (nbr.4949). Middle of the 14th C. A Slav inscription from the church of St. George at Upper Kozjak in which a man called Bratan signs himself as being from Macedonia. Z. Rosolkovska-Nikolovska, Crkvata Sv. Georgi vo Goren Kozjak vo svetlinata na novite ispituvanja - Zbornik "Kiril Solunski", Kn. I, Skopje, MANU 1970, p. 222. 15th C. I remember the great subordination under which the Turk holds the emperor in Constantinople and all the Greeks, Macedonians and Bulgarians....As I said earlier, there are many Christians who are forced to serve the Turk, such as Greeks, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Albanians, Esclavinians, Rasians and Serbians... Bertrand de la Brocuiere, Putovanje preko mora, Beograd 1950, p.134-135, 140-141. 13th Century - 15th Century Byzantine historians of the Palaiologan period (13th Century - 15th Century) rarely make any distinction more specific then "Thrace" and "Macedonia". Thus we read of the "Thracians" and "Macedonians", the "Thracian and Macedonian armies", the "army" or "forces from Thrace and Macedonia"… For these historians the border between the two areas was the Nestos River or Kavalla. To the west was Macedonia to the east was Thrace. The Late Byzantine Army. Mark C. Bartusis 1992. p.65 1461-1462 When the enemy forces are battered, no one doubts that the whole of Serbia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, Greece or Attica and the Peloponnese will return to the faithful....Inspired by this example the Thessalians, the Greeks, the Poloponnesians, the Epirans and the Macedonians will all rebel and will win ... Jovan Radonic, Gjurac Kastriot Skenderbeg i Arbanija u XV veku - Spomenik XCV (1942), p. 128-129. August 8th, 1470. The Sultan stopped and spent the night ...in afield that represented the Macedonian border...The River Vardar is nearby, which flows through Macedonia...of which some are Greeks, others Macedonians, Wallachs and even Italians, as well as other nations....Greeks and Macedonians live there... Gio Mario degli Angiolelo, A. Matkovski i P. Angelkova, Nekolku kratki patopisi za Makedonija, Glasnik na INI, VXI/1 (1972), p. 246-247. 1557 ...It is located in Thessaly, which borders on Macedonia, where the plague has reduced much of the population... Nbljudeni na mnozhestvo redki i zabelezhitelni neshta, videni v Grcija, Azija, Judea, Egipet, Arabia i drugi chuzhdi strani ot Pierre Belon d'Man, Sofia 1953, p.132-133; Frenski patepisi za Balkanite, XV-XVIII v. Sofia 1975, p. 95-98. 1566 ...called Jakov; I laboured for much time and many years for this work (in order to contribute) to the holy books. I came out of Macedonia, my fatherland, and I entered.... Lj. Stojanovich, Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi I, p. 203-204. 1579 German ruler Rudolph II to the Pope: ..the deliverer of this letter, don Petar Crnovic...born in Salonika and the other parts of Macedonia... A. Theiner, Vitera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium illustrantia. II. Zagrabiae 1875, p. 70. 1589 Gavril, Archbishop of Ohrid to Archduke Ferdinand of Habsburg: ...the Turk, who from day to day has pursued and blackmailed us and our ancestors ....in the whole of Macedonia, Greece and the nearby countries...then among our countries we have Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Oltenia... Landesregierungsarchive - Innsbruck, VI 50. 1593 Project by Alexander Komulovic to expel the Ottomans from the Balkans ...In other parts of Epirus and Macedonia almost all are Christians of the Greek ritual... Biblioth. Barberiana cod. mnc. LVIII, 33, - Starine (Zagreb), Knj. XIV (1882), p. 86-87. August 11th, 1607 The Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, sends his own man of trust to Macedonia. ...who had arrived from Albania and Macedonia... V. Makrusev, Istoriski spomenici Juznih Slovena i okolnih naroda, Beograd 1882, p. 297-299. April 6-24, 1618 (Senato Secreta. 337. Macedonia) ...The nobility of Macedon do not wish to have anything to do with the king of Spain... Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice and other libraries in Northern Italy, London 1864, Vol XV, p. 201-202. 1624 A letter from Pope Urban VIII to the Archbishop of Ohrid, Porphyrius Palaelogus To the respected brothers Porphyrius Paleologus, Patriarch of Justiniana Prima of Ohrid and the other subordinate archbishops, bishops of Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania and of the other side of Macedonia. A. Theiner, Vetera monumenta Slavorum II, (Zagrebiae 1875), p. 123. 1690 Manifesto of the Austrian Emperor Leopold I to the Nations of the Balkans ...Therefier we kindly call all the people who live throughout Albania, Servia, Mysia, Bulgaria, Silistria, Illyria, Macedonia and Rashka... J. Radonjic and M. Kostic, Srpske privilegije od 1690 do 1792. SAN, Posebna izdanja CCXXV, Beograd 1954, p. 26-27. April 26th, 1690 Letter of protection from Leopold I. ...This is to inform you that two Macedonians, Marko Kraida born in Kosana and Dimitri Georgi Popovic, born in Macedonian Salonika, have told us that the Macedonian people, with respect for our most righteous task, with devotion and zeal towards our service....we graciously accept them under our imperial and royal mercy and in any case and way the above mantioned Macedonian people, cordially recommending to each and all of our willing commanders not to attack the Macedonian people....Issued in Vienna, April 26th, 1690. Representatives: defenders of the Macedonian people.... J. Radonic, Prilozi za istoriju Srba u Ungarskoj u XVI, XVII and XVIII veku. Knj. I, Matice srpske, nbr 25 and 26, Novi Sad 1908, p. 52-53. 1704 The French treveller and writer Paul Luca on Macedonia ...and hour after midnight for Kavalla, which is six miles away and once was a large Macedonian city by the sea coast. We should note that almost all the villages in Macedonia are full of Christians and there are few Turks. A. Matkovski and P. Angelakova, Patuvanjata na francuskiot petepisec Pol Luka niz Makedonija od 1704 do 1714-Istorija v/2 (1969). p. 101. End of 18th C. Reports by the French Consul in Salonika, Felix de Beaujour, about Macedonia. The pashalik of Salonika includes the whole of Lower Macedonia and covers 700 sq. miles....it must be noted that here I am only speaking about the most populated part of Macedonia; since Upper Macedonia and Epirus are less populated....In Macedonia, as in Poland, the peasants die from hunger, while the masters live in abundance of gold... Felix de Beaujour, Voyage militaire dans l'Empire Othoman, I, Paris 1829, p. 127-128. n.1; p.130, 132. 1821 Macedonians pertecipate in the Romanian uprising ...At that time there was a man they called Sludzar Todor who urged all the foreigners (mostly Macedonians) to rebel against the boyar... Marko K. Cepenkov, Makedonsko narodno tvoreshtvo, Kn. X, Skopje 1972, p.308 1846 ...I learnt the Slav alphabet from my father Makedonski, who calls himself so because we are Macedonians, and not Greeks.... Georgija Makedonski, Bogosluzhbena kniga "Opshti minej" - vo crkvata vo s. Radibush, Kriva Palanka, posledna nepagirana stranica. 1851 Bulgarian Comments on the language of J.H. Dzinot ...May the inhabitants of Skopje and those who speak similarly forgive me, but they do not understand our language and cannot speak either... "Bolgarski", Tsarigradski Vestnik, nbr. 55 (6.X.1851, p. 19). 1858 Education in Veles ....Archbishop Antim declared to his peers that all peoples have been enlightened by the Greeks and so it is necessary that Greek should be taught in the schools of Veles, and not Macedonian, since the children alrady know their own language from their home... J. N. Iz Velesa u Makedoniji: Srbski Dnevnik, nbr. 44 (1858) (according to Branislav Vraneshevic, Vojvodinska javnost, p. 320-321). 1865 A note from the priest Demetrius: In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, I, priest Demetrius, was born in the village of Ogut, in the Kriva Palanka region. and held the services in my native village, when in the year of our Lord 1848, the champions of the town of Kriva Palanka employed me as a priest against the will of His Grace, the Greek priest Kir Gavrail. Mr. Mikhail Makedonski interceded most in favor of my appointment, because I'm a Macedonian by birth and hold the services in the Slav language. Such was the Fate of my fatherland Macedonia, to suffer from the Greeks, so that they will not give us peace even today, although everyone knows that Macedonia is an older state then their kingdom. We had our own Slav educators, Cyril and Methodius, who left us our Slav alphabet. They were Macedonians born in Salonika, the glorious capital of Macedonia. Our Greek bishop does not admit this, so we do not want him to be our priest, but we want to have our own arch-priest, a Slav, for time everlasting. Amen. Zapis vo knigata Zitie Svetih vo Krivopalaneckata crkva. Pretposledna nepagirana strana. January 28, 1867 To the Editor of "Makedonija" newspaper: ...The Greeks and the greacomans have met the newspaper with sorrow, since they always tried to hellenize the Macedonians, destroying also the Archibishopric of Ohrid -The Spark of Our Future. Yet, however hard they have tried to stop us from making progress, they could not entirely uproot the feelings of the Macedonians that they are Macedonians. T.I. Kusev, Makedonija, Istanbul, Nbr. I (1/28/1867) March 25, 1870 ...lets us consider those of the present Macedonians who blinded by concealed glow of Hellenic wisdom, accept that they should scorn and revoke their own nationality...the time seems opportune for me to exclaim:Ah, how far away the time really is when Hellas, as everybody calls her today, was subjected to Macedonian authority... Stefan Zahariev, Chitalishte, Istanbul, I/7, 1871, p.214-216. November 30, 1870 ...A teacher named Mr. Shapkarevic...has come to visit me...the same day the books you had sent me...arrived. But as soon as he saw them he said that they should not be taught in the Macedonian schools, since they were in the Bulgarian dialect; and that we should take his books which are in the Macedonian dialect... Pravo of 10/30/1870 (according to B. Koneski, Kon Makedonskata prerodba, p.68). February 1874 A letter from P.R. Slaveykov to the Bulgarian Exarch: Your Grace, I arrived in Salonika on the evening of the 14th of last month (January 1874). I immediately went to meet all the important local people and some others from the other Macedonian towns. My aim was to gather information as son as possible on what was to be necessary for the succes of the mission with which you had entrusted me. I first met Father Averkij Zografski, and the following day Father Petar Dimitrov as well, the local president of the community. I may inform you, Your Grace, that the wind from here, from Salonika, blows and scatters to all sides. These two clergyman, to my mind, are the leaders of the movement fot the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, although one should not neglect Ohrid and to certain extent Bitola, Veles and Skopje either. The Uniate movement here is not without roots, as they think in Constantinople, especially His Grace, Count Ignatiev. During the time I have been in Macedonia I have ascertained the same we had formerly known and written three years ago. Now, as then or twenty years ago, we are dealing with the Macedonian question. In talks with few Macedonian "patriots" I have understood that this movement, which had been only bare words till a few years ago, is now clear and precise thought - "The Macedonians are not Bulgarians" and they persistenly strive, regardless of the price, to obtain a separate church of their own. They also have the support in their separatism of smoe high clergyman in Constantinople, especially His Grace Nathaniel Ohridski, Panariot Plovdivski, and Archimandrite Hariton Karpuzov. I have understood this month from reliable sources that there are letters which arrive every day from Constantinople to the Salonika community, and are then sent to the other communities in the provinces. The letters are written in this spirit. One such letter, which the Salonika community sent to the community of Voden, calls upon the inhabitants of Voden to break off all their relations with theExarchate until the Macedonian Church question is settled, because "now is the moment". Mr. Kuzman Shapkarev from Ohrid, who is well known to us, has done a great deal to spread the idea of the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid; he consatnly travels between Kukish and Ohrid and v.v., but at whose expanse, I do not know. Mr. Dimitar Makedonski, "the Macedonian textbook writer", is no less active, reciving salary as a teacher from the Exarchate and from local Lazarists. Owing to such unreasonable sermons by the Macedonian patriots that the church question has been settled only in favor of the Bulgarians, there is discontent among the people towrds the eparchies of th4 Danube and Adrianople vilayets as well as envy because of the earlier awakening of the Bulgarians. One can especially feel a great resistance against the East Bulgarian variant in literature. A general impression is that the local people think that the Macedonians have been done a great harm with the settlement of the church question in favor of the Danubian and Thracian Bulgarians. This discontent has already grown into distrust of the Exarchate and its higher echalons. and there is an attitude formed that the local Macedonian dialect should be declared a literary language and a Macedonian hiearchy established. Great attention, Your Grace, should be paid to His Grace Nathaniel, who promised the local people taht as soon as he comes to his eparchy he will take steps for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. He seems to be connected with the Macedonian craftsman in Constantinople, among whom he spreads the news about the agreement with the Patriarchate. For their own part they inform their own people in Macedonia about this. It causes great discontent here. Consequently, separatism has its roots in the secret circle of Constantinople. If you press them there, the commotion wil calm down here. Silence the trumpet, there won't be any echo! The question of Father Nil is a highly delicate one, because he has barricaded himself in Kukush and does not want to return. His ambition seems to have made him to this. He stuffed his head with the thought of becoming the Archbishop of Ohrid ar at least Metropolitan of Salonika. As an Exarchate delegate he spreads the news about the agreement with the Patriarchate as the " most informed person". He decribes the Exarchate to the people as indifferent and passive in saving the Macedonian population from Greek spiritual slavery. Father Nil, who proved to be completely immature, seems to be a hireling of the highest Turkish vilayet authorities. However, his disobidiance to his headquarters began at the moment when he was summoned to return to Constantinople. Instead of obeying orders, he remained waiting there. His disobidiance also comes as a result of the suggestions that have been arriving from Constatinople. He maintains constant relations with Bishop Panaret and Nathaniel especially with the latter, who has suggested he stay in Macedonia until he gets an appointment for Ohrid and arrives in Macedonia. I think that Father Nil should be cast out of Macedonia at any cost and sent to Constatinople, because he is dangerous here. He already acts under the protection of the local Lazarists and the French consul. Thoughts of the restoration of the Archbishop of Ohrid at the moment are most prevalent here, in Salonika. Here the schemes are being devised and here the hotheads are gathering. These thoughts of course are not based upon mature foundation, especially since Midhat-Pasha has been dismissed from Salonika. But they are gradually spreading to northern Macedonia, although they are not very clear. Some say one thing to the people and others say another. There is danger, if steps are not taken from spme authoritative place, of creating a genral ideal. Then the consequences would be much more serious. The best thing would be if His Grace, Count Ignatiev, were to visit Macedonia, because the population feels a secret hope thet only Russia could help them. Tomorrow, with Gos's help, I intend to meet some of the elders from the local community. I shall try to convince them of the groundlessnes of their aspirations for a separarte Church when they already have one in the form of the Exarchate. Certainly the most difficult question will be that of the appointment of bishops of Macedonian origin and especially that of the cheirotonia of Father Hariton. I kiss Your Grace's right hand. Salonika, Fabruary 1874. Your obedient P.R. Slaveykov Another letter from P.R. Slaveykov: Your Grace, I sent you a letter via a trustworthy man two days ago, in which I briefly described to you the situation in Salonika and Macedonia in connection with the unreasonable movement for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in union with the Roman Catholic Church. After the meeting with some of the local elders I have understood that there were everywhere wide discussions for a broader plan, namely, to create a Uniate Church in Macedonia. According to reliable sources, only the cheirotonia of Father Hariton is awaited before action will be taken. Until the blessing of the Pope for the proclamation of the Uniate Archbishopric of Ohrid arrives, the bishops with their eparchies will be constituent apart of the Uniate Church with their seat in Adrianople. Then Father Nathaniel will be appointed Archbishop of Ohrid and the following appointments will be made in the eparchies: Father Panaret for the Pelagonia eparchy, Brother Kozma Prechistenski for the Debar eparchy, Father Nil Izvorov for the Salonika eparchy and Father Dorotej for the Skopje eparchy. The other eparchies, for which there are no candidates proposed, will temporarily be governed by the neighboring archpriests. Father Nil will be Bishop of Salonika, Kukush and Voden. Father Hariton, after his ordination, will also become bishop of the Serez and Melnik eparchies. Father Dionisij, as an archimandrite, will temporarily govern the Strumica eparchy. I have personal impression, Your Grace, that nobody here is asking for a real union with the Roman Catholic Church. It is simply a means of restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. Catholic circles also feel this and therefore have no great confidence in the people with whom they are negotiating. So I do not think it is too late to actin order to overcome the discontent, which later could be subdued. The Uniate movement is more dangerous in the places where formerly there was a Union because of similar reasons. Kukush comes in the first place, followed by Dojran with sympathy from Strumica, Maleshevo and Voden. The Salonika, Serez, Melnik and Drama villages lag behind them. There is not any powerful stirring of the Uniate propaganda indeed, but where there is smoke there must be fire. The appointment of Bishop Nil is expected for the fire to blaze forth. The Poljanin eparchy will immediately turn into a Union and the Strumica and Voden eparchies will join in, as well as a huge number of villages in Salonika, Drama, Serres and other eparchies. The other Macedonian eparchies will certainly be shattered, too, first the Veles eparchy and then the Skopje one. The Veles eparchy is also dissatisfied with its bishop, Damaskin, while at the same time the citizens of Veles, aroused by a craving for power, believe that they should govern Macedonia in religious matters. The causes of such a situation in the whole of Macedonia are very obvious. The Macedonian eparchies and towns I have already mentioned are extremely embittered by the serious position of the Church and the people in which they find themselves. The spreading of the idea of restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid upon an Uniate basis is also helped by the French and Austrian consuls, who promise full protection before the Turkish authorities and persecution of the Constantinople Patriarchate. The Greeks themselves indirectly help the spreading of the Union in Macedonia, expecting the Exarchate to become weak because of the Union and thus finding allies in the liquidation of the Catholic propaganda in Macedonia. I have concluded this from the talks I had with the Greek consul in Salonika. He was not in the least worried at the danger of the spread of the Union in Macedonia. On the contrary, Greece is seeking support for its economic and national activity in Macedonia. According to the opinion of the Greek consul, the part of the people who will not accept the Union, disillusioned with the Exarchate, will remain under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate. In the talks I had it was not by chance that the agents and adherents of the Union mentioned that the "Macedonian question" could only be settled through the Union. In order to make full use of the discontent and bitterness of the people against the Exarchate, they strengthen their accusation against the Exarchate. They speak about the Macedonian question upon a religious basis, but at the same time stir up the old separatist trends among the Macedonians - to create a new ethnic region through the Union - in the spirit of Midhat-Pasha's schemes. As the Roman Catholic agents worked out a cultural and national program for the Union in 1860 for the liberation of the Bulgarian people from the Patriarchate, they now also appear with a specific program for the spiritual and national liberation of the Macedonian eparchies through the Union. The Macedonian activists already widely use the expression the Macedonian movement in their language of communication, by which one should understand independent national and church liberation. I must emphasize strongly, Your Excellency, that this is a factor of an important political character - separatism is being spread starting from a religious basis towards a broader national one. After the talks I had with Father Petar Dimov I felt that he has slowly retired from being drawn into the Union. Today he has officially renounced the Union and sent a letter to You expressing his loyalty to the Exarchate. I also talked to Father Averkij. He told me that he would also withdraw from the movement if appointments for the Exarchate bishops were issued by the autumn. My attitude towards these two Church dignitaries was moderate and friendly, because any repressive measures could stir up spirits. .... Your spiritual child P.R. Slaveykov S. Dimevski, Dve pisma na P. R. Slaveykov za makedonizmot. - Razgledi XIV, 5(1972), p.561-566 April 6, 1878 in Salonika To the Right Honorable Austen Henry Layard "...Russian agents are busy in the country, and even here, trying to get petitions that the whole of Macedonia be included in Bulgaria... They tell the people: If you remain out, your state (and you see what it is) will be worse then it was before, while if you attach yourselves to us and our cause, you will get all the benefits accruing to a large and powerful Kingdom, under Russian protection... I remain... Edward B. Barker British Museum, London, Dmss Layard Papers, Vol. LXXXIX Addd. 39.019, 186-187. 1878 From the record of the Imperial Russian secret archives on the arrangement and government of the Balkan regions. ...Count Shuvalev demands that all the necessary measures for pacification of Macedonia be undertaken. For its purpose, it would be desirable to send competent agents there, and to proclaim to the Macedonians on behalf of the Governor, the Emperor, that His Highness is concerned about their fate, as much as for the other Slavs, and they will be granted the same freedom as that of the Bulgarians, now already liberated.... Dokumenti iz sekretnite arhivi na Ruskoto pravitelstvo. Sofia 1893, p.11-12. 1878 The rules of the Macedonian Rebel Commitee of the Kresna Uprising It is well known to all of us that this ill-fated country of ours, Macedonia, owing to the egoistic aims of the Great Powers, was gain left to Turkey after the Congress of Berlin. As a result of that, in certain regions of our fatherland many scenes full full of blood, known to all of us, took place....We rebelled as advocates of freedom. With the blood we shed all over Macedonian fields and forests, we serve freedom, as the Macedonian army of Alexander of Macedon did, with our slogan "Freedom or Death!" The aim of the Uprising in Macedonia 1.The uprising in Macedonia...should be extended all over Macedonia. 2. Those people from Macedonia who feel themselves to be Macedonians and love the freedom of their fatherland are taking part in the uprising. From the private archives of Cyril, Patriarch of Bulgaria, Arch. of Act 2341, AE 50, pp. 30-61. The Residence of the monastery of Dragolevci, Sofia, P.R. Bulgaria. June 8, 1879 Georgi Pulevski to Despot Badzovic: ...The Bulgarians here are playing tricks with us and are turning the water to their mill alongside divine Nathaniel, who is a Macedonian, but rather inclined towards the Bulgarians... Arhiv Srbije (Beograd) Fond: Ministarstvo prosvete, P. nbr. 981/8.VI.1879; Razgledi XIV/10 (1972), p. 1132. March 23, 1881 Manifesto of the Provisional Government of Macedonia: ...our dear Macedonia, our dear homeland is calling upon you: you who are my faithful children, you who are descendants of Aristotle and Alexandar the Great, you in whose veins Macedonian blood flows, do not let me die, but help me!... President Vasil Chomo, Secretary Nikola Trajkov in Kjustendil Centralnii Gosudartsvenii Arhiv Okjabarskii revoljucii i socialtieskoga stroitelstva SSSR, Moskva - Fond Gr.Ignatieva No.730 - opis No. 1, ed.hr.79; Lj. lape, Odbrani tekstovi za istorijata na makedonskio narod, II del, Skopje 1976, p.256-258. May 9, 1888 Salonika. Temko Popov to Despot Badzovic ...I shall try to write to you, as far as possible, in our language, replacing the words I don't know with Bulgarian ones. What else can I do, Despot? While our language could one dictate to the other Slav languages, it has now remained the poorest of all, and like a begger, it serves either Bulgarian or Serbian....Let us no lie to ourselves, Despot, tha national spirit in Macedonia has reached such a stage today that even if Jesus Christ had come to the Earth, he would not have been able to persuade the Macedonian that he was a Bulgarian or a Serb, excepting those Macedonians in whom Bulgarian propaganda has already taken root. In order to convince yourself of this, you must have Bulgarianism in view. Bulgarian propaganda has now been working for 20 years in Macedonia, in the blindest of times - when Hellenism, coming from and entirely alien nation, started to take root in the Macedonian heart; but the Macedonians, seeing a ray of Slavism, rejected everything as if eyeless, without paying attention to the difference. It was sufficient for them to have broken with Hellenism. But what is to be done now i.e. after twenty years of Bulgarian striving, indoctrination and unsparing pecuniary sacrifaces? My dear Despot, everybody does what is natural, but unexpected for the Bulgarians, that is, now every Macedonian admits he is not a Bulgarian and declares loudly his nation, even though he may stilluse Bulgarian means, not having his own, of course. ... Your friend T. Popov Narodna Biblioteka, Belgrade - fond - Jovan Hadzi Vasiljevic II 413/III May 9 1988. 1890 A request by the citizens of Ohrid for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid To His Holiness, the Great Patriarch, Constantinople, We, loyal subjects to His Majesty, the Emperor Sultan Abdul Hamid II, for a long time did not have freedom for our Church, and since 1872 have become an even more misled flock, for we came under the Bulgarian Exarchate, deceived by Bulgarian propaganda. Thus we became schismatics, as well. ...Apart from the fact that Bulgarians deceived and beguiled us, they also reject our language, change our holy customs and alter our character, too. We cannot tolerate it any more and we do not want our children to curse us and the graves of our forefathers... (signatures of 120 citizens of Ohrid) DA DSIP - Beograd - PPO, F.7, d.6, p.br. 962, 1890. June 22, 1891 Skopje Theodosius, Metropolitan of Skopje, to Archimandrite Dionysius in Sofia. ...our Holy Exarchate headed by His Holiness Exarch Joseph I does everything possible to persuade the wretched Macedonian people that it has good intentions, that it cares for their present and future and that it wants to draw them out of the darkness of national unawareness and create holy Bulgarians of them. But I would not have to persuade you too long, my dearest brother in Christ, that our Holy Exarchate, with its religious and educational activity here, in Macedonia, in fact carries out a most miserable task, it deprives a people of its name and replaces it with another, it deprives them of their mother tongue and replaces it with another, alien one, in order to allow its government and its Bulgarian masters to extend their commerce to foreign territories, too. And what else would you call this, my dear brother, other then a new slavery, even more terrible then the Turkish one? The Turks take the property and the lives of the people, but do not encroach upon their spirit. They destroy the body but respect the soul. And our Holy Exarchate kills the latter, the perpetual... I have written this to you, so that you would not be amazed by my previous letter in which I stated my opinion that we clergyman, Macedonians in origin, should unite and urge our people to awaken, throw off foreign authority, throw off even the Patriarchate and the Exarchate, and spiritually unified under the wing of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, their only true Mother Church. Is it not high time to put an end to the national movements of a single people among which some recognize the Patriarchate, some the Exarchate and some even bow to Mohammed? Is it not high time to put an end to hatred between blood brothers? And how could this be achieved if not by the way of our national Church , by way of the Archbishopric of Ohrid? I shall be sincere, my dear brother in Christ, and shall openly declare to you: we, the Macedonians, to not suffer as much by the Turks, long live our Padishah, as by the Greeks, the Bulgarians and the Serbs, who have set upon us like vultures upon a carcass in this tortured land and want to split it up. ("And they parted Your garments, Jesus")..... ...Theodosius of Skopje Centralen D'rzhaven istoricheski archiv (Sofia) 176, op. 1. arh.ed. 595, l.5-42 - Razgledi, X/8 (1968), p.996-1000. December 4, 1891 Theodosius, Metropolitan of Skopje, to Pope Leo XIII I, the undersigned Metropolitan of Skopje, Theodosius, by God's Mercy head of Skopje eparchy, am submitting this request both in my name and in the name of of the whole Orthodox flock of Macedonia, in which we are begging His Holiness to accept us under the wing of the Roman Catholic Church...Our desire springs from the historical right of the Orthodox Macedonian people to be freed from the jurisdiction of foreign Churches - the Bulgarian Exarchate and the Constantinople Patriarchate - ....The borders of the Archbishopric should conform to the present borders of Macedonia... Archivio della S. Congregazione de Propaganda Fide - Roma: Indice della Potenza - Marzo 1892-93, Somm.XV, f.132-141. August 20, 1892 Serbian Consul in Bitola, Dimitrije Bodi, to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vladan Djordjevic, in Belgrade. I have to inform you, dear Sir, that some intellectualist movement among the local teachers has recently appeared in the town of Kostur, which insists upon rejection of Greek and Bulgarian propaganda, and the introduction of the Macedonian dialect as the language of teaching in the schools. This initiative has in fact been started....If you are interested in these matters, Sir, please answer me with a ciphered telegram. DA - DSIP. P odd.I red 278 (1892). August 26, 1892 Serbian Consul in Bitola, Dimitrije Bodi, to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vladan Djordjevic, in Belgrade. ....I have heard from my own people that the local community at its meeting of 22nd Auguts this year, decided that the teaching in the new 1892/1893 school year should be done in the Macedonian dialect. The town teachers were given the task of working a program for the language teaching and a provisional grammar of the Macedonian dialect.... DA - DSIP. P odd.I red 278 (1892). 1890 Karl Hron: "The Nationality of the Macedonian Slavs": ...From my own studies of the Serbo-Bulgarian dispute I came to the conviction that the Macedonians are an individual nation, both by their history and their language; thus, they are neither Serbs nor Bulgarians... Karl Hron, Das Volksthum der Slaven Makedoniens, Wien 1890, S. 4-5, 15-17, 20, 22,26 1896 Paul Argyriades (A French socialist born in Macedonia): ...Present day Macedonia is one of the European provinces of the Turkish Empire. It borders on the south with Epirus, Thessaly and the Mediterranean, on the east with Thrace and the Mediterranean, on the north with Mount Hemus, Bulgaria and Serbia and with Albania on the west....Macedonia, as the homeland of the two greatest personalities of the Ancient World - Aristotle and Alexander the Great, who conquered the world. should it anew conquer its independence and its autonomy?...And if an autonomous Macedonian administration were to be introduced in this land in ten years only, it would be the earthly paradise of the world...The small states - the Greek, Bulgaria and Serbian ones -argue for the acquisition of Macedonia, using all kinds of proofs - chauvinist and historical - invented in support of their interests, while no one seems to realize that if the historical truth were to be respected, Macedonia should rather have the right to possess all those countries, which would like to devour it, since once it governed and ruled them itself....The Macedonians do not want the kind of caresses which may strangle them. They want to remain Macedonians without any other epithet, guarding for themselves their beautiful Macedonia... Almanach de la Question Sociale. Illustre'. (Paris), Pour 1896, pp. 240-244. 1897 From "Maleshevski Balkan" journal: At Least Do Not Hinder Us There is hardly any harsher situation then that of the Macedonian cause. Aroused by sympathy, feelings and tradition to maintain always the closest links with its direct neighbors, the Bulgarians, Serbs, and others, today it surprises us most mercilessly and makes us repent. Nobody, undoubtedly nobody, would deny the justification of our hopes in the Bulgarians and the Serbs, as people who stand closest to us, as people with the same past as ours, etc. ... From "Maleshevski Balkan", Sofia, I, 16, 1 (1897). 1897 William Gladstone ...Next to the Ottoman Govt. nothing can be more deplorable and blameworthy then jealousies between Greek and Slav, and plans by the States already existing for appropriating other territory. Why not Macedonia for Macedonians, as well as Bulgaria for Bulgarians and Servia for Servians. And if they are small and weak, let them bind themselves together for defence, so that they may not be devoured by others, either great and small, which would probably be the effect of their quarreling among themselves. The Times (London), 6th January 1897, p.12 1898 Petar Mandzukov to Kostadin Kirkov ...Perhaps our slavery would not have been so difficult if various kinds of propaganda had not interfered in our affairs, which under the name of "brothers" and "benefactors" divide brothers from brothers and make the Turks commit the worst of crimes. Those "brothers" of ours do everything possible to prevent the unity of our freedom-loving forces. And what has been the result of such propaganda? Even the true sons of our country, those whoa re really not afraid to sacrifice their lives at the altar of our Fatherland, often wrongly think that the liberation of Macedonia could not be conceived without the interference of this or that state. They go over to the side of this or that people and forget their own people. Instead of uniting their forces in favor of their own people and striving in unison to liberate it from bondage, they cannot agree whom they should serve. We know, Kostadin, that our fatherland differs by its population from one Bulgaria, Greece or Serbia, which are homogenous countries. There are various nationalities and religions in our country. There are Macedonians, Greeks, Wallachians, Turks, Jews, Albanians, even a few Armenians. and let us not forget the Gypsies.... CDIA (Sofia), f.70, on., AE70-74; - Razgledi, X/7 (1968), p.847-851 1900 A. Brutus (A. Drandar): Concerning a movement in Macedonia A considerable section of the European press does not cease to inform us of the immense sufferings undergone by the Christian population of Macedonia....It was the sad fate of that population that made us publish this booklet, based upon our experience and personal observations I had acquired impartially, as a foreigner, during my stay in Macedonia of several years...If one takes a retrospective view of the history of Macedonia to the most ancient of times, one remains amazed by the great role this small country, this classical country par excellance, played in the world....The Macedonian, born in a land to which nature was so favorable, has always longed for heroic feats and aspired to great deeds...Even the glorious cradle of Ancient Hellenism is subjected to the Macedonian kings...We find Macedonians on the Byzantine throne at the time when this empire was at its peak. Following the course of history, we see how the star of Macedonia shone with the same intensity. It plays the chief role in the revival of the Slav people. Thus, the two brothers exalted to apostles, Cyril and Methodius, objects of general admiration for the Slav world, are Macedonians, and owing to the very existence of these two apostles, this small land becomes the cradle of the Slav people to whom it gives its religion and art...The inhabitants of Macedonia do not want to be annexed either to Bulgaria or Serbia, or Greece; they want, they want so strongly, to live a human life in an autonomous country. Their slogan is: Macedonia to the Macedonians. A. Brutus, A Propos d'un Mouvement en Macedonie, Bruxelles 1900, pp.12-13, 15, 56. 1901 A.V. Amfiteatrov: The Land of Discord Each Slav should and is obliged to feel sympathy for Macedonian freedom. But Macedonian freedom cannot be achieved with their own, Macedonian means. The land is too small and weak to fight against the power of Constantinople, which only has to give a sign and tens of thousands of soldiers will attack the Rumalian vilayets and strangle them like mice before Europe could compose itself, even before Europe could know it. Hence, Macedonia cannot be freed with its own forces. Only an evil enemy, an unconscious enemy of Slavism could desire an armed movement in Macedonia now when the land is totally unprepared for an uprising, in circumstances of tied hands of the whole Europe, of Serbo-Bulgarian clashes, of huge preparations of the Turks against the slightest possibilities of movement. Or a real fool. These were the exact words of one of the high-ranking persons deciding the fate of Balkan Slavism in a discussion with me concerning the Macedonian committees. Nobody in Europe, none of the Great Powers can actively intercede in favor of the Macedonians against the Turks at the present moment - except, perhaps, Austria. Bu the very name of Austria causes panic in the Macedonian Slav element, who will allow Austria to reign in Macedonia? For it would be the destruction of all ideas of pan-Slavism, it would be the end of the Eastern Question, it would be the decisive and last victory of the German world over the Slav world. Then, we the Russians, would only be humbly left to falling out of step with that state with the projected historical tasks, with the repudiation of racial ideals - a state similar to modern Italy or Spain, only in greater proportions. The young Slav states, adjacent to Macedonia, are too young and too poor to go into struggle for it. At the same time, these states are disintegrating both from the internal situation and external family hostilities. The Bulgarians and the Serbians cannot stand each other; each consider Macedonia as their lawful property. Neither the Bulgarians nor the Serbs have even the slightest desire to create Macedonia for Macedonia. Enthusiast for an autonomous Macedonia can only be found among the Macedonian natives. Neither the Serb nor the Bulgarian wants the autonomy of Macedonia. As far as the question of whether Macedonia should become Bulgarian or Serbian is concerned, every Bulgarian would tell you with utter sincerity: -It would be better that the Turks ruled there eternally then to give the Serbs a chance to spread towards the Aegean Sea. And the Serb would say: - It would be better that the Turks did there whatever they allow your damned brothers to achieve their Greater Bulgaria from one sea to the other! The question of nationality has not been settled in Macedonia and it is hard to assume that it will ever be settled in a satisfactory manner. If we are to believe Gopcevic and Jasterbov there are almost no Bulgarians - all of the are Serbs. If we are to believe Ofejkov and Miljukov, there are no Serbs, all of them are Bulgarians. It is more probable that where we are dealing with a perfectly branch of Slavs, transitional between the Bulgarians and the Serbs. But that branch taken alone is insufficiently significant to win its freedom and turn itself into a state unit. Consequently, no matter how the question of its nationality is resolved, it is deprived of the possibility to exist, so to say; it is cursed in itself to serve as political material directly for its neighbors, and deviously and indirectly for Europe, which governs its naighbours. The basic reason for the failures of the Macedonian revolutionary organization lies in the fact that it is fed by means that have historically proved their ineffectiveness against state order of a European kind to overthrow the system and authority that have nothing in common with European order; since with the tactics, which have overthrown many European government, it attempts to erase military slavery, which has continued in Macedonia and Old Serbia for five centuries now; since the arms, victorious in the civil war, are also used in external war, because the Turk is not a fellow-citizen and compatriot of the Slavs, but he was, is and will be their external enemy... - They consider me a Bulgarophile, I.A. Zinovjev told me. But it isn't so at all. I behave in perfectly equal manner to all Slavs, and, if a person is decent and likable, it is all the same to me whether he is a Bulgarian, a Serb or a Macedonian. But I am a Russian representative and I have been sent here to protect, first of all, Russian interests. Permanent patronage over the Balkan Slavs is inseparably linked with Russian interests. We are their natural patrons. But this patronage does not mean Russia's following of Slav leaders; patronage is not characterless yielding. However, as far as the Macedonian question is concerned, the Bulgarians, as our most spoilt children in the whole of the Slav world, would like precisely to lead Russia with them where they have blindly started closing their eyes, demanding that the patronage be turned into yielding. The activities of the Macedonian committees, long under the patronage (with) our tolerance of the Bulgarian government, had the following direct calculation: - We shall force the Turks to abandon their reserved behavior they have taken up and borne with difficulty - wit a series of small explosions, murders and blackmails we shall arose the fanatic excitement of the Moslems, the Sultan will be forced to give in to the demands of his subjects of the same faith, and Turkish atrocities will start in Macedonia, blood will be shed, villages will be burnt. For the attainment of the sublime goal it is of no consequence whether fifty or fifty thousand people will be killed - the main thing is: slaughter must be caused, which will in turn cause the necessity of European intervention, and since the protection of the Slavs is the perennial deed of Russia and it will never leave the Macedonian question to Austria - consequently, volens-nolens, Russia shall have to send again hundred of thousands of soldiers to the Balkan Peninsula and achieve the freedom of Macedonia with its bayonets, i.e. it should put the land into the mouth of the Bulgarians. For they don't recognize any other nationality in Macedonia except the Bulgarian one. Consequently, the future freedom of Macedonia for them is either the fulfillment of the Treaty of San Stefano and unification of Macedonia with the Bulgarian Principality, or a creation of a new autonomous Bulgarian body, which will sooner or later be merged with the former into an 'integral Bulgaria'.... Cvetan Stanoevski, Kako ja vidoa Makedonija, Skopje 1978, pp.189-190,193-194. 1902 Appeal of the "National Macedonian-Albanian League" Brother Macedonians! Brother Albanians! ...There is no need that the Bulgarians, the Greeks or others amend our homeland... Executive Committee British Museum (British Library), London, 1902 1902 Nikola Karev to Goce Delchev ...Let us not expect freedom either from the Greeks or the Bulgarians; it is we, the Macedonians, who should fight for our Macedonia ourselves... Neobjaveno pismo, Nova Makedonija, (Skopje), XXIV, nbr.7744 (May 5 1968), p.8 1903 Victor Berard on the Macedonians. The ambition for a small homeland, the egotism of a small nation, is not the ultimate ideal of the Macedonians. To replace Turkish subjugation with Greek, Serbian or Bulgarian dependence does not seem to them to represent some great gain...Until recently France did not know the Macedonians. They were Thracian, Peons, Sclavins for us, a wild and almost a mythical people, that lived somewhere at the bottom of some unknown land for us. We either did not know them or despised them, since we heard of them from the malicious notes of the ancient and modern Greeks... La Revue de Paris, Juin 1903. 1904 A Macedonian Theory Was it so long before the liberation of the Bulgarians that throughout Bulgaria, in answer to the question as to what they were (by nationality), the Bulgarians said they were "Christians" or raya (non-Moslem Turkish subjects)?And even now it is not so rare on occasion to hear a Bulgarian answering in court as to the question of his nationality that he is a "Christian". The notion of nationality has still not become a new accomplishment of his mind. During the Turkish period, the Bulgarian peasant referred to the Bulgarians in the towns as "Greeks" and city lother were "Greek dress" for him. And since the Greeks designated that peasant as a "fat-headed Bulgar", his brother from the town loved to be called a "Hellene", so that he should not be scorned for his real national name. It is not exactly the same case with what Mr. Misirkov elaborates concerning the name of the Macedonian Slav? The name "Bulgar" fell even in Bulgaria to such position which earned only the contempt of the others. This name appeared so empty even in the mouth of the Bulgarians themselves that it became a synonym for "Christian"; the later designated the whole ethnic contents of Bulgarian individual and social consciousness. When our peasant used to say "we are Bulgars", he meant "we are Christians", i.e. Orthodox. The Russian Tsar was a "Bulgarian Tsar" for him not by nationality, but by Orthodox Christianity. A. Teodorov-Balan, Edna makedonska teorija - Periodichesko spisanie (Sofia), LXV (1904), p.818 1907-1908 The Macedonian Villages ...I asked him what language they spoke, and my Greek interpreter carelessly rendered the answer Bulgare. The man himself had said Makedonski. I drew attention to this word and the witness explained that he did not consider the rural dialect used in Macedonia the same as Bulgarian, and refused to call it by that name. It was Macedonian, a word to which he gave the Slav form of Makedonski, but which I was to hear farther north in the Greek form of Makedonike. And so the "Bulgarophone" villagers are no longer willing to admit that they speak Bulgarian. They have coined a new term of their own accord, and henceforth their dialect, until they have got rid of it, is to be known as "Macedonian". My Athenian friends were delighted when I told them of this on my return. It should give even greater pleasure to those Bulgarian agents who are so anxious to see the Macedonians thought they are Macedonians. Allen Upward, The East End of Europe, London 1908, pp. 204-205 June 25, 1910 Archimandrite Neophyte in Skopje to Bulgarian Exarch Joseph in Constantinople: Starting from some time ago, as I have already informed You several times, matters in the eparchy, and especially here have not developed as they should. The Eparchy Council, which, as You know, consists of the town's elders, has decided to send You a letter in which it strongly condemns the candidature of the former Metropolitan of Skopje, Theodosius, and among other things, upon my suggestion writes the following in the protest: "Outraged, we read in the newspapers that a group of villains wishes at any cost to urge the population - the voters of the Skopje Eparchy - to bring back that typical intransigent, Theodosious, as the Metropolitan of the Skopje Eparchy. This is the same Theodosius who 17 or 18 years ago wanted to separate the Skopje Eparchy from the Exarchate and proclaim himself an independent Metropolitan. For this purpose, he then made a special seal on which he deleted the words "Bulgarian Exarchate", so sacred to us, and printed his own baptismal certificates, marriage certificates and other documents; he did not fulfill the circular letters and the orders of the Exarchate, etc. Yet, since at that time there were not such a strong anti-Bulgarian movement among the local Bulgarians, it was possible for the Exarchate to remove this dangerous schismatic in time and thereby preserve the unity of the Bulgarian Church in Turkey. Now this same schismatic, contrary to Exarchist interests, wishes to restore his eparchy and continue his dishonest business of disuniting our Bulgarian people. We protest most strongly against his nomination as Metropolitan of Skopje, because he insults the Bulgarian feeling among the population". Unfortunately, Your Grace, if the Eparchy Council has such people with common sense, this is not the case with some craftsman's circles, which have come under the influence of Mr. Petar Pop Arsov, a teacher, who has taken the idea into his head that he is a leader of the people. He constantly speaks against the Exarchate and its leadership, including myself, and urges the craftsman to support Metropolitan Theodosios' candidature, since he once suffered for defending the interests of the Macedonians. It would not be superfluous if I informed You about another problem, which, I presume, will represent a kind of plot in this whole election propaganda. I have understood from some members of the Council that Krste Petkov, who at one time started "Misirkovism", had requested from certain relative of his, living here in Skopje, that he put him in touch with this teacher, Petar Pop Arsov, in connection with collecting songs about Krale Marko in the Skopje district, and Mr. Pop Arsov was so kind as to agree immediately. I am writing this to you, Your Grace, a justified suspicion that schismatic forces are being brought to life here. The said Mr. Krste Misirkov expressed in a letter to his relative has desire to return to Macedonia, more precisely, to come to Skopje as soon as Macedonia was liberated. The man wished to be a professor at the Skopje university (?!). If this is true, and there are no reasons for lying to me, then You may conclude Yourself what danger threatens the Bulgarian idea in these historic times. Just imagine if the "Misirkovism" of Mr. Krste, the "separatism' of His Grace Theodosius and the "autonomism" of Mr. Petar Pop Arsov joined together! I am of the opinion, Your Grace, upon the basis of the protest by the Eparchy Council (which was, after all, published in the press) that the candidature of His Grace Theodosius should be withdrawn, by which a danger of as yet unseen proportions for the Bulgarian cause in Macedonia would be evaded. I remain Your Grace's younger brother in Jesus Christ and I pray for You. S. Dimevski, Diskusija - K.P. Misirkov i nacionalno-kulturniot razvoj na makedonskiot narod do Osloboduvanjeto - Zbornik Misirkov. Simpozium. Skopje, Institut za makedonski jazik, 1975, pp.338-339. 1905 Sveta Simic, representative of the Kingdom of Serbia in Bulgaria, to Jovan Jovanovich-Pizon, head of the consular department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade. D. Gruev again visited me last Saturday. D. Hristov also chanced to be in my house, so we spent more then 3 hours in discussion. The Macedonians have been afraid that the Bulgarians and we agreed to divide them, and accordingly they are the only ones left to frown at the Imperial Alliance. They suspect it hides something else. They continually make agreements and preparations but undertake nothing more serious. They constantly send smaller bands and ammunition into their country. All their activity is reduced to this only in present. They would like to make an agreement with us, but such as to sacrifice nothing of what they call their autonomy. They have come to see more and more that there are obstacles before them which they cannot fight successfully, and under the influence of which they continually lose their importance as an authoritative factor in the development of the Maced(onian) question. This is what hurts them immensely. They are divided among themselves, just as before. The differences of their views also intensify their personal hatred, which makes some of them avoid the others, plotting among themselves....Unfavorable rumors reach us from Macedonia, too. The people, craving for freedom, would like to reject their yoke and uncertainty as soon as possible, so that they would be ready for some decisive steps as well, but their distrust both of their leaders and Bulgaria prevent them. Under the influence of the news about the Imperial Alliance a mood has been created in which they would like to be freed from their yoke at any cost, even if they were compelled to come under Bulgaria and Serbia. And if these two did not help them, they would gladly accept Austrian occupation, as well... Arhiv SFR Jugoslavije (Belgrade)